Group Reflection Exercise

In the recent group activity. I was a member In a group of four. I had been absent from class when the groups were allocated and the two members present were given the task of choosing each of our roles. I felt they chose the more difficult roles for themselves, the introduction and conclusion, although I base that on the knowledge of my own strengths and weaknesses, with no knowledge of theirs. They assigned the work conflict to me, which I thought was a logical choice, given my occupation as a police officer.I believe we worked well together, particularly as we had only very recently met and were four distinctly different personalities. We communicated using email, as we had a number of work and/or study commitments in the week the presentation was due, which prevented us from meeting in person. The group member who had offered to produce the Powering presentation, had a last minute computer problem. I suggested we each write our own section for the Powering and asked the Introduci ng member If he minded putting It together. He was happy with that and presented an easy to follow highlight of our talk.I thought our presentation was relevant and the exercise was quite successful, given that we were only able to meet during the practical. Our negotiation techniques were clearly identified and explained by our introducing member and our concluding member related them back specifically to the scenarios. The only area I can identify that may have made the exercise better, was if we had been able to meet as a group, prior to the presentation. That would have given us the opportunity to rehearse and make any changes that may have been needed. That is something I would put more effort into achieving In the future.

Juveniles rights to a jury Essay

There are very few states in the United States that extend the right to a jury of their peers for juveniles. Why shouldn’t juveniles be able to stand a trial with a jury of their peers? By law, minors are incapable of representing themselves or making decisions that are based on the current law presiding for the circumstances. Which basically means that juveniles are only children, children that don’t really know what responsibility or breaking the law is yet. Plus a juvenile’s record is private so if they stood in front of a jury then it wouldn’t be so private now would it? Also, juveniles aren’t convicted for the offenses they engage in, they are convicted for the delinquent actions as a minor. The two exceptions, that I myself have found, are either if the crime is serious enough to try the juvenile as an adult or, as said earlier, the state allows juveniles a trial in which a jury is present. I chose this reason because many people do not understand that juveniles are children, not adults. These days parents treat their children as adults so the children commit crimes as if they were an adult. That being said, people need to realize that juveniles are exactly that. Although they have been taught things about the community, the world, laws, right/wrong, and so forth, they haven’t actually lived to understand all these things so why should they be tried by a jury of peers that don’t understand that fact? This brings me to the next question, why do I believe there are differences in the adult and juvenile justice system and why do I believe so? The answer is basically what I’ve just stated in this whole discussion. Juveniles are children, children who hasn’t actually lived enough in this world to â€Å"know†. Adults â€Å"know better†. So does it make any sense to try people in the court of law whom don’t know any better the s ame as a person who does know?

EWaste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EWaste - Essay Example Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds of activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries. E-toxic components in computers could be summarized as circuit boards containing heavy metals like lead & cadmium; batteries containing cadmium; cathode ray tubes with lead oxide & barium; brominated flame retardants used on printed circuit boards, cables and plastic casing; poly vinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper cables and plastic computer casings that release highly toxic dioxins & furans when burnt to recover valuable metals; mercury switches; mercury in flat screens; poly chlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's) present in older capacitors; transformers; etc. Basel Action Network (BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The average 14-inch monitor uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead. The lead c an seep into the ground water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If the tube is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air. With the increase in use of computers and other electronic products, the problem of how to dispose the used computers and other electronic good... urning, disposal of e-waste without regard to proper environmental procedures all play a role in making the dumping of e-waste and its disposal a priority issue. It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how to manage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc. and normally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at landfills. This necessitates implementable management measures. In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Waste minimization in industries involves adopting: inventory management, production-process modification, volume reduction, recovery and reuse. The solutions suggested for solving the issue of e-waste range from reducing the toxic substances in the components prior to manufacture, recycling of the used electronic products, dumping of the e-waste in selected and notified areas, burning the e-waste products in designated incinerators that comply with environmental standards. Of course, the most common solution for e-waste management in the developed world is to ship the used computers and other electronic goods to developing countries like China and India where they are either used again or sold as scrap or in most cases, incinerated and the residual metal extracted from them. We will take a look at each of these solutions and the environmental policies in the developed world that contribute to as well as solve the problem of e-waste. The most common solution to tackle the issue of e-waste is to recycle it. However, not all products can be recycled owing to different market conditions that exist for these products. Though recycling has been

Answer 5 of the 8 question for speech assighnment Assignment

Answer 5 of the 8 question for speech assighnment - Assignment Example cal design, where one organizes the events that relate to the speech according to their significance, this would help in preventing one from leaving out anything vital. Use of a preparation outline could also prove helpful. One could write an outline and some few points below it, and this would help one highlight the key points that could be used to support the message being passed. This could be supported by a delivery outline. Delivery outline would help a speaker remember the sequence or the way by which he intends to deliver the speech. This will help prevent one from straining while trying to remember the point that should follow (Pink, 2009). Finally, the speaker should make sure to remember the general purpose of the speech. Sometimes one may tend to be carried away by the speech, and forget to stick to the purpose of the speech. Thus, by putting the broad purpose in mind, the speaker will be able to focus on delivering the broad goal of the speech. There are a number of ways by which one could gather resources so as to use as evidence in the speech. One of the methods could be to plagiarize. To plagiarize means to take ideas from another person, and deliver them as if they were one’s own. For example, one could borrow ideas from another person’s previous speech or a textbook, and deliver them to the audience as if they were one’s own (Pink, 2009). Another way one could gather resources could be through periodical optional, where one gets information about a topic from a research aid, where different articles have been put together for research purpose. It could be from magazines or even journals. The internet is also another reliable way by which one could get resources or evidence for one speech. All one needs to do is just Google the topic or the word one intends to speak about, and information about it will be provided. An online database could also be beneficial in helping a speaker gather information for his speech. This is easily done through

The challenge of managing diverse teams Assignment - 1

The challenge of managing diverse teams - Assignment Example In an argument by Robbins et.al (2011) a diverse team creates an advantage in an organization since numerous task can be completed by different team members without the requirement of incurring training costs. For instance, my industry has a massive customer care department which requires interaction with different cultured consumers. Having team members communicating in different languages naturally increases the efficiency of the customer care approaches. Another advantage is that a leader can effectively carry out division of labour and specialization based on the strengths of the employees (Robbins et.al, 2011). In addition, this is done without creating requirements from employees that may be beyond their expertise and skills. A major disadvantage of diverse teams is that the leader would be massively tasked in understanding the specific needs of each team member. Additionally, barriers to effective team management would be not be able to be addressed in a general manner making the leadership position more challenging. Diverse teams also create the requirement to alter an organization culture to suit a wide range of personalities as a human resource appraisal technique (Harvard Business Press, 2013). For instance, people from different cultures in my industry may require different workplace specifications for them to perform tasks as required. Satisfying individual needs is a difficult requirement. The ability to bring together people from different backgrounds, disciplines, cultures, and generations and leverage all they have to offer, therefore, is a must-have for leaders (Ibarra & Hansen 2011). From the argument, it is evident that the ability to manage diverse teams is an important leadership requirement. The same argument is supported by Mullins (2010) who points out that the failure to effectively manage diverse teams is a failure on the part of the leader considering that the impact of the failure directly affects the input of the

Why did Republican Arizona lawmakers pass SB 1070 at this particular Essay

Why did Republican Arizona lawmakers pass SB 1070 at this particular time OR Why has the economy not yet fully recovered from the recession, in spite of the government stimulus package - Essay Example ollowing measures of production; investment spending, gross domestic product (GDP), household incomes, capacity utilization, inflation, and business profits. Often recession occurs when spending falls following adverse supply recessions. Since recession has adverse effects such as increased rates of unemployment, reduced business profitability, and negative social effects like family instability, most countries usually put measures in place to prevent it from occurring. In the event that it occurs, governments usually respond by adopting macroeconomic policies such as decreasing taxation, increasing government spending, and increasing money supply (Samuelson and Nordhaus 14- 15). Since the recent recession began in late 2007, the United States economy is yet to recover fully from it. This is despite numerous efforts by the government such as the economic stimulus package. There have been debates among scholars, economists, government officials, policy makers, and the public on what could be the reasons behind delay in recovery despite the fact that government has put efforts towards recovery such as the stimulus package. The debates have been stirred further by the fact that other large economies such as China recovered long time ago and are on the path of growth. Besides, there are worries that even though US has witnessed various minor and two major recessions since its independence, the most recent recession may be the longest to recover from and the most difficult in US history (Whoriskey 1). All major measures of the health of the economy namely industrial production, employment, output, and incomes still indicate that US is yet to recover fully and tha t the growth has been significantly weak despite the fact that, technically, the recovery begun in June 2009 (Rampell 1). This concern has captured the attention of Barrack Obama, the US president and has been on record saying on 6th August 2011 that he acknowledges the challenge and that the country’s urgent

Perspective on International Trade and Finance Assignment

Perspective on International Trade and Finance - Assignment Example This paper focuses on the trade disputes involving China, the impact and the determinants of foreign exchange rates, the valuation of the Chinese currency before and after the reforms. This paper also discusses the options that are available to China for reform of its exchange rate system. Introduction The level of exports by China had amplified radically from $250 billion in the year 2000 to a proposed $1,500 billion in the year 2009. This massive increase of Chinese exports severely hampered rival businesses in the developed countries, predominantly the Europe and the United States. In 2001, China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO), which ascertained China the right to export to countries like US and the Europe. Nevertheless, the entry to the WTO necessitated China to stick on to certain regulations that were required to endorse fair trade and generate a level playing ground for all. Various issues such as the safeguard of intellectual property, labour and environmental ben chmarks, health and safety apprehensions about Chinese products, China's management and manoeuvring of their currency, and expenses and prices established by the government instead of the free markets gave rise to a number of trade disputes. This paper investigates the different types of trade disputes and the endeavours made by China to solve them. A lot of disputes were rooted in the Chinese cultural practices as well as in ideological outlook and hence take time to resolve. Deficiencies in the legal and court arrangement in China also effected the enforcement of various rules. Additionally, many of the disputes originated due to the government's wish to guard the welfare of Chinese organizations and their workforce, and consequently China might modify its practices only if faced with convincing penalizing threats. The central government of China also encountered the "principal-agent" crisis where its decisions or requests could be overlooked by the local governments and organizat ions. In the meantime, modifications in business structure within the developed countries were changing the negotiation positions of the governments of those countries (Conklin & Cadieux, 2009). Analysis of the Case Issues Arguments of the different parties After the entry into the WTO, China started taking part in international trades. However, China did not impose criminal procedures and punishments on the infringement of intellectual property rights; neither did it build identical health and safety standards that were implemented in the western countries. The extensive health and safety, along with the labour and environmental regulations in the developed countries, added the expenses involved for the manufacturers located there. Since China did not enforce such strict standards, the Chinese manufacturers had unfair advantage over the western ones. Moreover, China did not honour the property ownership of western manufacturers because the Chinese manufacturers were creating employ ment and promoting domestic prosperity via counterfeiting. But this activity of Chinese manufacturers hurt the volumes of sales and the profit margins of the western

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - Essay Example The negative aspects of the nuclear power serve to be an environmental issue of concern. This is owing to the fact that the nuclear energy leads to harm the normal ecology of the world and it had the capacity to lay negative effects on the health of the people living in this world (Klapp et al 2007; Miller et al 2009). The utilization of nuclear power as a form of energy production was considered to be a major technological achievement. The energy from this source can lead to the production of very high amounts of electricity and thus it can be very beneficial. But it has been analyzed that the construction of nuclear power plants requires the clearing of a large amount of land and it needs to be built away from the places of human occupancy owing to the release of toxic and radioactive substances from these plants which results in the contamination of the natural environment. Furthermore, the dumping of the nuclear waste also serves to be a very difficult problem as it serves to har m the environment owing to the negative effects of the radioactive material (Miller et al 2009; Swain 2007). The best solution to reduce the amount of environmental loss that occurs due to the nuclear power plants is to construct these plants away from the places where people reside.

Nuclear Power Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nuclear Power - Assignment Example Nuclear power and hydropower are also used to supplement the fossil fuels. Oil is another source of energy that is presently used for running automobiles and for transportation purposes. While taking into consideration other sources of fuel, research has proven that the nuclear power is cleanest and safest source of energy and has the least adverse impact on the environment. In addition it uses uranium, which is more plentiful than the fossil fuels. Nuclear energy does not emanate any toxic gases or metals into the environment. It affects the ecosystem like the hydropower. Empirical research has proven that the nuclear wastes have less negative impact when compared to those caused by the silt in dams or produced by coal. More so, a pound of uranium can produce more than 20,000 times more power than that produced by a pound of coal (Miller, 2004). The nuclear plants produce by far less wastes than those produced by coal of the same quantity. The fossil fuels emit wastes in the atmosphere whereas nuclear wastes are disseminated into the non-radioactive synthetic rocks that are buried underground in remote areas, hence having limited chances of harming any living thing . The amount of nuclear power is unlimited when compared to other sources of fuel due to the big volume of uranium in the earth’s crust. Other sources of fuel like oil are likely to get exhausted, more so, most of the oil reserves are located at the golden triangle in the Persian Gulf. The area of the Persian Gulf is faced by many conflicts including the terror groups hence making extraction of oil very expensive and unreliable. When compared to the nuclear power, the solar power requires tax credits and government subsidies to make its power production viable. The wind power unfavorably affects the ecosystem by killing birds and other flying animals. Despite many people advocating for the use of wind power and solar power, they cause more harm to the environment than the nuclear or the

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American History - Assignment Example 1800s, soldiers stationed at the former mission named the place as the Alamo which means â€Å"cottonwood† in Spanish — in reference to where these men came from, Alamo de Parras, Coahuila. For years, the Alamo became the home of Mexican revolutionaries and royalists during the war for independence. The military — Spanish, Rebel, and then Mexican — continued to occupy the Alamo until the Texas Revolution. Though Texians and Tejano volunteers were able to successfully occupy the Alamo in 1835, they were greeted by a surprise attack from General Santa Anna’s army – an assault which was held out for 13 days. Because of the intensity of the battle, the commander of the Alamo, Col. Travis sent forth couriers asking for help to communities in Texas. However, as the hope for outside help faded, Col. Travis drew a line on the ground and asked those who were willing to fight to step over. All of them except one stayed to defend the Alamo. The defenders risked their lives to protect the key to Texas’ defense. They would rather die than surrender to General Santa Anna’s army. Before the daybreak in March 6, 1836, the final assault of Mexican soldiers came as they scaled the walls and rushed inside the compound. The battle still continued as defenders continued to desperately fight the enemies. However, by sunrise, the battle ended as General Santa Anna entered the compound to proclaim his victory. At first, I found it rather odd that defenders wrote extensively about the weather in Texas. However, in my view, the defenders found Texas weather to be rather odd and new for them. That is why, in their journal entries, defenders took time to note and comment heavily about the weather. For historians, the weather diary is important to dispel the myth that in 1835 the coldest winter swept through Texas. This idea was held on because Mexican troops encountered a freak blizzard as they were on their way to Texas during the night of February 13 onwards. However,

Sundry Environmental and Economic Implications Essay Example for Free

Sundry Environmental and Economic Implications Essay Initially, humans scour their surroundings for food, picking up what is convenient. Then our ancestors learned the sophistication of hunting and the usage of tools. They hunt not only on land but in the oceans as well. Previously, we only hunted for what we needed and there was a sense of respect for nature, which provides much needed food. However, as humans evolved and became more complex, our needs have also undergone corresponding changes. We not only hunt food for our own needs but gather as much as we could for profit. The depletion of our natural resources especially that coming from our coastal ecosystem is now a growing concern worldwide. Aside from pollution and other issues, experts express alarm on the destructive consequence of our fishing activities and the kind of future that awaits us if there are no fish left to catch. Recent technological innovations in electronics, vessel design, vessel constructions, marketing and transport together with the rising human population contributed to the present dwindling fish population (Stergiou, 2002). In early times since the surface of the world is covered with 71% water, it was a common notion that the ocean had an endless resource of marine life that humans can take advantage of. This belief seems to be supported by the first explorers as well when they described abundant marine life in their explorations. As Roberts (2003, p. 166) explained, early explorers writing about oceans teeming with life encouraged a second wave of global travel, spearheaded by merchants seeking profit. Thus, it can be said that these voyages of early explorers started the trend of abuse on aquatic resources. It started out with the mega faunas like seals, manatees, turtles and whales and just like their land counterparts, hunters begin with big animals. Once the supply is down, they move on to the next area. If supply has been exhausted, the next target will be smaller scale faunas, until there is nothing left to hunt. A trend that is still happening up to present time, only this time around hunters are aided with more advanced gadgetry. On the other hand, although the trend continues, we now recognize that marine resources are not endless and that some of these resources are either already depleted or on the verge of extinction. Together with this recognition are calls for change in our attitude and treatment of Earth’s natural resources. Others factors that play a role in the declining condition of our marine resources are our fishing system, coastal constructions, pollution, usage of land and water and shipping system. All of the combined effects resulted to what Andelman, Gaines, Lubchenco Palumbi (2003, p. S3) describes: coral bleaching, zones of hypoxic or anoxic water, abrupt changes in species composition, habitat degradation, invasive species, harmful algal blooms, marine epidemics, mass mortalities, and fisheries collapses. Not only these; there are also repercussions on the marine ecosystems and the consequent provision of goods and services. Due to the adverse condition of the marine ecosystem, concerned organizations and individuals are actively seeking solutions that can prevent further damage and restore balance in marine life. As presented, there are various causes for the current problems in regards with marine life. This paper however will only focus on overfishing, a human activity that directly contributes to the depleting stock of marine life. Current state of fisheries and impact of overfishing will be covered as well as what can be done to intervene. The State of World Fisheries There have been a lot of conflicting reports about the real status of world fisheries. The most common status being quoted is the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) report which states that 75% of the world’s fisheries are overexploited. However, assessment is easier said than done since fish move around. Various measuring scheme have been used, examples are trends in catch, stock-by-stock classification, trends in the tropic level of catches and trends in catches for individual stocks (Branch, Ernst, Hilborn, Magnussson, Minte-Vera, Scheuerell Valero, 2003). Another projection was made by a research suggesting that by 2048 wild fish stocks will be gone or collapsed. The implication of this is that catches are less than 10% of their historic high. A very grim prediction that has been refuted by some. According to Branch (2008, p. 39) this prediction is not true. Although the research presented some important insights about diversity and ecosystem functioning, the two main reasons why it is believed to be false are: first, the number of not-collapsed fisheries shows an increasing trend to about 5,600, and second, even if all fisheries collapsed at least once, 50–55% would be recovered in any given year. He argued that while there are fisheries that are collapsing, it is being offset by a growing number of fisheries that are thriving. Thus by the 2048, those that collapsed today would already have recovered, contradictory to what the research predicted. Conflicting views about fishery status come from two communities, the ecologist and fisheries scientist. Both communities do agree that fisheries are being misused and that the future of marine life is through sustainable development. However, the method of how to achieve this is where opposing views lie. The research of collapsed fisheries by 2048 is one good example of such opposing views. The research is mostly composed of opinions of ecologists, while a rebuttal like that of Branch (2008) is coming from the community of fisheries scientists. Solutions that are presented by both communities also differ from one another; ecologists push for marine-protected areas while the other community proposes to stop the competition among fishing fleets (Hilborn 2007). Both the efforts of these communities is only towards one common goal, that is, to save marine life from being extinct. Their methods might be different, but all are found to be effective. Some of these methods will be discussed later. To give a perspective of the status of some fish stocks, Dankel, Skagen and Ulltang (2008) reviewed thirteen commercially important fish stocks and their report presented the current status of each. The following are some of the individual statuses of specific fish stocks: Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) – its species can be found in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. It is one of the primary fish species in this area. They are short-lived, oceanic schooling species and stock number is vulnerable to fluctuations. One reason behind population size discrepancy is overexploitation. Between the periods of 1986-1995 the Chinese marine captures have increased from 8 million tons to 24 million tons. This is attributed to the increasing number of powered vessels. The development resulted to decline in marine catches as well as catch make-up: most of the catches now are smaller lower trophic species and immature juvenile fishes. By 1996 actual catches are go beyond the advisable level. Then in 2003 it reached its all time low of only 110,000 tons of catch. Therefore, the FAO declare the Japanese anchovy as a â€Å"fully exploited† species of the Northeast Pacific Ocean (Dankel et al, 2008). Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) – the other name use for this is the European anchovy which is usually seen in the Bay of Biscay. It grows only up to 15cm, also an oceanic schooling species and resides in the International Council of the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) sub-area VIII which are mostly 0–2-year-old fish. Environmental circumstances greatly affect the fluctuations of recruitment for this species. Both the French and Spanish fishing fleets target the Bay of Biscay anchovy. The Spanish fish for them during the fist half of the year while the French do their fishing on the second half. Stocks for the Bay of Biscay anchovy was very healthy from 1990 to 2000. But the decline in recruitment during 2001 and 2002 alerted the ICES to put it at a precautionary level of 21,000 tons spawning stock biomass. The number of new recruits continues to fail and by 2005 and 2006 the anchovy fishery was officially closed due to failure of commercial fishery (Dankel et al, 2008). Lesser Sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) – most are located in ICES area IVb, these are small and shoaling fish. It plays an important role in the ecosystem of the North Sea since Sandeel are food for piscivorous fish, seabirds, seals and some crustacean. They prefer the patchy sand beds of the North Sea making them an easy target for professional fishermen. Adult Sandeel do not move much and usually stay under the sandy bottom of the sea. During the day, the fish will ascend to the pelagic area to eat on plankton. Since they only live for a short period, the stock mass of this species relies on recruitment; however, fluctuations in the number of recruits have been observed for many years. From 2002 and succeeding years, there has already been a decrease in the sandeel population in the North Sea. By 2005, the fishery was official closed. There is no recent data about the sandeel stock due to absence of catch information (Dankel et al, 2008). North Sea herring (Clupea harangus) – they are schooling and pelagic species that have economic and nutritional value for many European countries. The stock is located at the ICES area IV. Spawning occurs during autumn at the western coasts of the North Sea. The juveniles will spend their time in Skagerrak then the stock will mature in two to three years. Predation keeps the mortality rate of juveniles higher than adults. Historically, the stock has been exploited for years most probably due to its role in the economy and diet of Europeans. The spawning stock biomass (SSB) has been fluctuating between 1 to 2 million tons. To indicate if there is a failure in recruitment, a limit biomass of 800,000 tons was set. In mid-1970 SSB only reached 50,000 tons thus the fishery was closed. However it was able to recover in 1980 due to strong year classes. There have been instances of low SSB between 1993 and 1996 due to overfishing despite that the Marine Stewardship Council’s (MSC) awarded the certification for sustainable and well-managed fishery to the North Sea herring in 2006. The fishery continues to experience poor recruitment thus ICES foresees continued decrease in stock. The MSC re-examines the certification but points out that failure of recruitment is not due to over fishing or any other human activities (Dankel et al, 2008). Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua) – the Icelandic cod is located in the ICES area V that circles Iceland. The population is divided to northern and southern groups, with the northern being a little larger than the latter. It has an economic value to Iceland since 38% of seafood export profit and 40-50% of merchandise exports come from these species. There has been an observable decline in the SSB since 1955. Fluctuations in recruitment also happened, but the ICES North Western Working Group stated that the current stock is in good shape (Dankel et al, 2008). Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua) it is also known as Northeast Arctic cod which is usually located in ICES northernmost areas, II and I. Their feeding area is at Barents Sea, then they travel to the Lofoten area of northern Norway for spawning. There was an abundance in stock post-WWII because there were no fishing activities; however, by 1960 fishing activities started and with continuous utilization of the stock, it reached a grave and alarming condition in 1980. This prompted Norway and the former USSR to take action by regulating fishing activities. The stock was rebuilt but fishing mortality rose up again in 1994-2000. After which, the fishery has again undergone rebuilding with decline in fishing mortality and rising SSB (Dankel et al, 2008). South African cape hakes (Merluccius paradoxus, M. capensis) – the hake has two species that are both economically important to South Africa. The deepwater hake (Merluccius paradoxus) which is caught using demersal trawlers and the shallow water hake (Merluccius capensis) caught using demersal long lines and handlines. Originally, the two species are not differentiated from one another but with improved management processes, they have now distinct statistics and are set apart using the gear type. Cape hakes do not have a definite spawning season; therefore they are considered serial spawners. For this type of fish, the females are larger and can grow up to 53 cm. Exploitation of the fishery started in the 1900s and continued even after WWII. The fishery is dominated by foreign fleets and in 1972 they are catching almost over 300,000 tons of hake. By 1975, the population dropped and thus larger mesh size was used which is 110 mm. In 1977, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles was implemented with foreign fleets banned in the fishery by 1983. The measures taken helped the recovery of the fishery from under 30,000 tons in 1975 to approximately 50,000 tons in 2004 (Dankel et al, 2008). Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) – they can be found up north in Siberia or down south in California. It is one of the five species of anadromous Pacific salmon. But the species are found to be abundant in Alaska and Japan. To be able to spawn, the sexually mature male return every summer to the freshwater river where the hatch. This is a thousand miles travel from the pelagic sea. The males are usually called jacks and are about 4 years old when they spawn. From June to first week of August is the fishing season for sockeye salmon in Alaska where they are in abundance. They can be found in five commercial regions but the center is in Bristol Bay. Currently, one particular stock, the Kvichak jacks, is struggling and is considered to be a â€Å"stock of management concern†. This means that there is no excess in population number for commercial fishing and the stock is experiencing spawning problems. The reasons behind the issue are still unknown (Dankel et al, 2008). Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) – also known as king, spring, or tyee salmon, it is considered to be the largest specimen of the anadromous Pacific salmon. The Chinook found in Puget Sound, Washington USA have various distinct populations that are organized based on migration seasons. They also differ in time of freshwater entry, spawning period and specific natal stream return timing. Currently, there are hatchery projects being implemented to help restore the population of chinook and products from these projects are what comprise a large portion of the spawns. Although the stock productivity is secure, it has still decreased for the past years (Dankel et al, 2008). Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) – due to migratory nature of the bluefin, research about its reproductive cycles are scarce but many think that it reproduces once it reaches 8-12 years of age when they are about 1. 5 in length and 90 kilograms in weight. Countries that fish for bluefins are Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Taiwan, Philippines and Indonesia. The bluefin is highly demanded for in Japan because of the sashimi market. The highest yield for the bluefin was 81,605 tons which was recorded in 1961. The trend continues until 1980 and today SSB is below what it was before 1980 (Dankel et al, 2008). Pacific Island tuna fisheries – the Pacific Island is where states like the Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Niue, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu can be found. These states are collectively known as the independent Island States in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). The collective land mass of the states if 552,789 km2 while the collective EEZ is 30,569,000 km2. The WCPO is the primary source for food for most of the states but the true value comes from the tuna fisheries located in the area that have an estimated value of US $3. 1 billion. Majority of the Island States rely on these fisheries for revenue and economic exercise. Their four species of significance are albacore, skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye. In contrast to tuna fisheries in the Atlantic, Indian and Eastern Pacific Oceans, most of the fishing activities in the WCPO region happen within the EEZs of the Pacific Island States, Indonesia and the Philippines. The importance of fisheries can be seen as the Island States rely on it for food and source of employment. It provides 21,000-31,000 jobs, source of income coming from access fees that amount to AUD$80-90 million and income coming from payments by vessels that are locally based which is about AUD$190 million. There is mounting alarm that overfishing of yellowfin and bigeye in particular is endangering the sustainability of the species. Although currently the species are not officially over-fished, the Scientific Committee of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission already raised these concerns; thus precautionary measures were implemented. It is important that these fisheries are maintained because of its economic value to half of the Pacific Island States especially Kiribati and Tuvalu. Since the fish are migratory, regulation agreements between nations in the region are vital to the long-term sustainability of the tuna fisheries. There is a need for firm governance and implementation of regulation to protect the interest of these Island States (Hanich Tsamenyi, 2008). Mitigation Measures being Implemented There are various techniques and methods being used by governments and organizations to mitigate the effects of overfishing to various fisheries in the world. Some of these methods are explained below. Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ) – According to Grafton (1996, p. S135), individual transferable quotas allocate the total allowable catch among fishers in the form of individual harvesting rights. This means that the right to fish is regulated by the government. The idea is that instead of using control, incentives will be given to fishers. On the other hand, Hartig Waitt (200, p. 87) describe it as an example of a non-regulatory, low-cost, and administratively flexible environmental management approach based on the rights to buy and sell access to an environmental resource. This means that public property like air and water is brought to the marketplace as a commodity. The practice is being implemented to various countries like Canada, Iceland, Australia and New Zealand. The rationale for implementing this management scheme is that since operators now have a fixed allocated share of the catch, there is no need to compete with other operators for fish. They can now instead focus on more economical equipment and manpower to use. Operators will not need to invest a lot of capital on advanced equipments just to get ahead of others. Moreover, they will not be forced to fish on bad weather, since they can plan their fishing expeditions ahead of time because they have an assured share of catch (Copes, 1986). One of the expected benefits from introducing ITQ is the reduction in fishing efforts. This means there is a decrease in investments in excess employment. In most countries where it is being implemented, there was a reduction in the number of fishing vessels. Another benefit is the increase in profit. Since competition is lessened, the remaining operators with allocated quota, they may reap the benefit of better quality fish and other factors. Just like in the Icelandic demersal fisheries, where after the implementation of ITQ profit from reduced fishing effort and better products amounted to US$15 million within a year (Grafton, 1996). One example of successful implementation was in Australia. It was the Australian Commonwealth government that implemented the identified individual transferable catch quotas (ITCQs) in 1989. As of the research, only two fisheries are under this management scheme the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) fishery and the southeast fishery. The scheme was implemented in the southeast fishery only in 1992 while in SBT it was deployed in 1984 (Battaglene, Brown Campbell, 2000). Initially, quotas are computed based on the value of the boat, which may be assessed by a registered marine insurance assessor, and history of the boat catch. Battaglene et al (2000, p. 111) explain it as individual quota allocation per boat was set as a proportion of the total allowable catch according to the proportion of quota units held. During the first year of implementation, the total allowable catch was 14,500 tonnes. Although out the states there are differences in the quota set. Western Australian average allocation was 39. 3 tonnes per boat; the New South Wales average was 77. 7 tonnes per boat; and the South Australian average was 231. 8 tonnes per boat. After the implementation of ITCQ in the bluefin fishery, numerous changes occurred in terms of fishing vessel operators. Within two years’ time after its implementation, smaller and less efficient vessels left the fishery which is favourable to the remaining vessels since the scale and scope of their operations could be adjusted to higher levels. Another benefit of this management scheme is that operators have the choice to either sell or lease their allocated quota. In addition, the ITCQ facilitates the transfer of technology from Japan through a series of joint venture agreements. Through this venture, the trading price for the commodity was set for years benefiting most operators. In addition, Australia was able to acquire the long-lining and farming technology from Japan. The implementation of ITCQ in Australia was successful but it is still facing problems in terms of global allowable catch and multijurisdiction boundaries. One suggested solution is to let non-member states be part of the Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna so that their activities might be regulated as well (Battaglene et al, 2000). Marine Reserves – according to Andelman et al (2003, p. S3), marine reserves can be defined as areas of the ocean completely protected from all extractive and destructive activities. In marine reserves, fishing and removal or interruption of living and non-living marine resource is strictly forbidden. It can only be done if it is for research purposes. Protection varies depending on the governing body; some allow fishing to be done but do not allow drilling for oil or gas. Through marine reserves’ geographical area is the one being protected, both the species and their biophysical environments are protected. Marine reserves then are considered as an ecosystem-based approach in fisheries management. Benefits from using this approach are conservation of biodiversity; protection or enhancement of ecosystem services; recovery of depleted stocks of exploited species; export of individuals to fished areas; insurance against environmental or management uncertainty; and sites for scientific investigation, baseline information, education, recreation, and inspiration (Andelman et al, 2003).

Skills for Success Essay Example for Free

Skills for Success Essay As years passed by, several events have transpired that have shaped the course of world history. Along with this, people and the society have also experienced an evolution wherein the ways and standards of living have been tremendously modified to suit the needs of the changing times. As a result, people have become more innovative and creative in dealing with changes. Because of this reaction, society was able to improve and enhance the manner people exist in their natural habitat. What is more interesting and beneficial effect of this development is the realization of people to further build up their capabilities and potentials to be better at what they do whether personally and professionally. Moreover, in order to thrive in this present social condition, one must possess the necessary skills in order to succeed. This trend is obviously manifested in the corporate world wherein sets of criteria are established to ensure that businesses profit and at the same time provide the high-quality products and services to customers. Due to the lucrative benefits and opportunities that the field of business offers, many are enticed to become a part of it making this field highly competitive. In order to excel at one’s chosen career in the corporate world, an individual must possessed fundamental skills that will help him/her to be successful. There are three things to consider when aspiring in being brilliant and outstanding in the global society. First, one must be motivated. Motivation is a vital factor in the accomplishment of one’s goals and objectives. Without this, the materialization phase of the plan will not take place. Based on my personal experiences, being motivated was the key in finishing my studies in high school. During that my phase of my life, I was faced with many temptations to stray away from my dreams. But since I was determined to be a â€Å"somebody† in the upcoming future, I productively finished my secondary education which also facilitated my success while I was in college. The second essential skill for success is the ability to easily adapt and be flexible. These two skills are interconnected because to be able to adapt to a new environment or condition, an individual must first have the capacity to be flexible which is exhibited by being open-minded and resilient. In every endeavor that people get into, they must always try to be flexible at all times so that the tasks at hand can be done without any setbacks which can minimize the time and effort put into the project or research. By doing this, the chance of forging healthy relationships with other people would be most likely which is needed in guaranteeing a spot in the corporate ladder. Furthermore, the third and last must-have skill would be critical thinking. This particular skill is essential in making significant decisions that can aid in progressing one’s career in the professional world and elevating one’s status in the society. If an individual possess this skill, he/she will definitely go along way in the corporate world because there is a saying â€Å"think first before you act. † Overall, the three mentioned skills will not be able to contribute to the success of an individual on their own. They must be combined together in order to get the best results. Motivation, flexibility and critical thinking are skills that complement one another. If one is missing, the likelihood of performing well in a global setting would be greatly reduced. So individuals should pursue trainings and education that will help them develop these skills. As mentioned, the real world is very aggressive so in order to get ahead of the pack, one should always strive to be the best in their respective fields. This can be achieved by constantly practicing these skills and continuously generating new positive skills that can be very beneficial for one’s career and personal life as well.

The Controversial Childrens Novel Junk English Literature Essay

The Controversial Childrens Novel Junk English Literature Essay Whilst violence and evil have long appeared in childrens literature, it is only recently that widespread violence, such as the treatment of the Holocaust in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (Boyne), has been accepted as important in teaching children and young people about the more sinister aspects of human nature. In his 2005 essay, Kenneth B. Kidd explains that the treatment of such events in childrens literature is now necessary because we no longer have the luxury of denying the existence of or postponing the childs confrontation of evil (Kidd 121). Moustakis (1982) argues that reading literature containing violence can help children to come to non-violent solutions to obstacles in their own lives. She claims that in fairy tales, for example, the monsters represent a childs own inner monsters and can allow them to vicariously master them (Moustakis 30); she also echoes Favats beliefs, stating that the fairy tale handles justice and retribution in a manner that young children unders tand (Moustakis 29). Kristine Miller (2009) supports this view, attesting that war fiction can also communicate a healthy way to deal with conflict. War is an undeniable part of our world, always relevant, and war fiction, Miller argues helps readers to think constructively about a world being destroyed (Miller 273). The realities and consequences of war and political oppression are key themes of Beverley Naidoos The Other Side of Truth (2000). After the assassination of their mother, Sade and Femi are forced to flee Nigeria to seek asylum England. Separated from their journalist father, and abandoned in London with no money and nowhere to go, Naidoo claims her novel aims to reveal the impact of the wider society and its politics on the lives of young characters (Naidoo). After a traumatic series of events, the children are placed with sensitive foster parents, only to discover that their father has been arrested, detained and is facing deportation. Written in the third person, and told from Sades perspective, the novel contrasts the childrens experiences in London with their old life in Nigeria and their expectations of England based on BBC World Service broadcasts. The contrasts between the two countries are reflected in the treatment that Sade and Femi receive at the hands of the children at s chool, the strangers they meet in London, and the welfare and social systems; and support Naidoos belief that the world of refugees in Britain is largely submerged under public indifference and increasingly overt hostility (Naidoo, Carnegie Medal acceptance speech). The major theme of the novel is suggested by the title and has a number of interpretations; an individuals view of the world based on their own context; the contrast between Sade and Femis middle-class perspective of themselves in the politically oppressed Nigeria versus the racism that they face in England; and perhaps the most significant within the novel Sades moral struggle between her received understanding that Truth keeps the hand cleaner than soap (Naidoo 74), and the realisation that her fathers truth-telling led, inadvertently, to her mothers death, and their consequent struggles in England. As the oldest sibling, Sade has to assume the parental role, making the decisions regarding what information she will share with the authorities to get help, whilst at the same time trying to protect herself, her brother, and her father. Her surrender to deception and lies weighs heavily upon her, and is particularly evident in her fear and disgust after her theft of the lighter from M iriams uncles shop, particularly in light of Mariams revelations about her past. It is not until the children discover that their father is alive and in London that they begin to experience some sort of peace, although their hopes are quickly dimmed by the knowledge that he is on hunger strike and faces deportation back to Nigeria. The novels conclusion, whilst not the simplistic happy-ever-after is nevertheless, optimistic, and is a direct result of Sades determination and decision to tell her truth. As Jana Giles notes, the message of the novel appears to be that non-violent solutions are the answer, quoting Folarins comment in his letter to his children that We must dare to tell. Across the oceans of time, words are mightier than swords (Naidoo 193). With her novels, Naidoo attempts to encourage children to examine the the historical, social, [and] political context, hoping that they will begin not only to question What will happen next? but Why is this happening' (Naidoo, An Int erview with Beverley Naidoo). Naidoos comments on her books appear to reflect Falconers beliefs, though on a more world-wide scale; while Falconer seems to limit her comments to the reality of the intended reader, Naidoo aims to address the wider reality of the moral human universe (Naidoo, A Writers Journey: Retracing The Other Side of Truth 340). The debate over what is suitable material for childrens literature is one of the oldest and most active (Reynolds 88). Previously highly conservative in content, recent years have seen an increase in the number of books deal with sex, death, sin and prejudice, and good and evil are not neatly separated but mixed up in the confused and often turbulent emotions of the central characters themselves (Appleyard 100). In his essay, Melvin Burgess admits that Junk was an experiment, explaining that he felt there to be a lack of literature that would speak to real teenagers (Burgess). Like Naidoo, Burgess strived for authenticity, knowing that the book was likely to have a rough ride (Burgess), and despite the criticism, Junk went on to win the Guardian Fiction Award and the Carnegie Medal. Junk is certainly very different from the portrayal of adolescents by earlier writers like Ransome. The novel focuses on two 14-year-old heroin addicts; David, who has for years, been protecting his alcoholic mother from his abusive father, and Gemma, who yearns for adventure and escape from her oppressive parents They had no doubt at all that unless my life was made as miserable as possible, Id be a junkie whore by midnight. (Burgess, Junk 65). Gemmas attitude is in stark contrast to for example, Wendys confident belief that her mother would always leave the window open for her (Barrie 4.1). Both Gemma and David crave freedom, but not the freedom of an innocent childhood, rather the perceived freedom of early adulthood; It wasbeing on my own, having an adventure. Yeah. It was life. A big, fat slice of life. (Burgess, Junk 69) That Gemma is only able to experience this adventure by leaving her parents is sadly ironic, and, implies that perhaps such adventure cannot be found within ch ildhood, only by leaving it behind. After a brief third-person narrative in the first chapter, Junk is composed of the individual testimonies of the characters, with Gemma and Tar taking approximately half of the chapters. This form of first person narrative, referred to as immediate-engaging-first-person narration (Schwenke-Wyile 185), enables the narrative to become more intimate and revealing because the narrating agent and the focalizer are the same (Schwenke-Wyile 188-189). Whilst Junk doesnt openly condemn drug use or prostitution, Burgess use of irony and the contradictions between the individuals testimonies, reveal the truth about the events of the novel and the effects those events have on the characters. Burgess relies on his readers ability to make a moral judgement (Burgess, Sympathy for the Devil 319), rather than lecturing, which he says young people get enough of at school (Burgess, Sympathy for the Devil 319). Whilst Burgess wants to avoid lecturing his readers, his desire for authenticity in his novel s, and his reputation for honest writing (Burgess, Sympathy for the Devil 316), suggest that he still wants to educate them. This is reminiscent both of Beverley Naidoos intentions when writing The Other Side of Truth, and of Rachel Falconers belief that childrens literature should address the reality of their lives. There is some debate over whether or not historical fiction can address contemporary issues; Coram Boy however, is an example of historical fiction that deals with issues such as race, abandonment, and even teenage pregnancy. As Ringrose points out, in showing that children of the past suffered injustice, it implies similar injustices are suffered by todays children, and furthermore, in reading the novel, a child would find out much about eighteenth-century England (Ringrose 359). Coram Boy exposes readers to the stark differences between the lives of the children of wealthy aristocrats, those born to the lower classes, and the bleak reality of the lives of orphaned children. Through Gavins characters, the social injustices of eighteenth-century England are revealed; children abandoned to die, sold into slavery or the military; the contrast between the opportunities available to children of the wealthy aristocrats versus those of the lower classes; the mistreatment of mentally-challe nged individuals; racial discrimination. Slavery may now be illegal, but most of these issues continue to be relevant today. Gavin claims that historical fiction can enable writers to explore events, issues, relationships or situations, which sometimes can be easier to deal with when removed from a contemporary context. (Gavin 363) Coram Boy allows readers to compare their own culture with that of England in the eighteenth century and in doing so implies that whilst society may have advanced; there are still many things that need to be achieved. As Ringrose attests, Jamila Gavin brings to Coram Boy a modern interest in difference, race and justice (Ringrose 361). One of the issues with historical fiction, particularly for children, is historical accuracy. Gavin believes that First and foremost, a writer of fiction is telling a story, so sometimes, intentionally or unintentionally, accuracy may not be as thorough as it would be in non-fiction (Gavin 365), and uses this to justify some of her stretched truths and distorted facts (Gavin 366). The use of narrative telling in Coram Boy is also significant in relation to evaluating how the historical period is portrayed. The majority of the events are narrated in the third-person, and indirect speech is favoured over direct speech. These techniques enhance the reliability and objectivity of the narrative, implying that the novel is an account of an historical event rather than a work of fiction. The minimal use of direct speech may be an attempt to avoid the problem of characters period speech which can result in inconsistencies, such as Melissas contemporary usage of the phrase hanging around in c ontrast to Isobels previous comment that Otis has such a lack of respect in his bearing (Gavin, Coram Boy 129). The consequence of such inaccuracies in a novel is open to debate; if, as Falconer believes, literature should focus on the reality of childrens lives, then is poetic licence justified as a means to an end does it matter if the history is accurate as long as the issues are relevant? Much of the literature produced for children today has moved away from the Romantic notion of childhood, and this change is largely due to the way the world is today; increasingly urban, with a rise in crime rates (House of Commons) and decline in familial support networks. Childhood is an umbrella term and does not reflect the individual, as Peter Hunt argues that it is vital that the inevitable variety of childhood and childhoods is acknowledged in its real readers, and it variability as a social and commercial construction is acknowledged in the texts (Hunt 23). With such variety and variability then, the reality of young peoples lives must surely be subjective, since each individual child experiences things, and reacts to these experiences in their own way. Whilst I agree with Rachel Falconers statement, and believe that children should be told the truth about the world in which they live, I think that Slayton has better conveyed my opinion: to avoid in childrens literature anyth ing that children fail to avoid or cannot avoid in their own lives is to do them a considerable disservice (Slayton).

Heart of Darkness versus MacBeth Essay -- Joseph Conrad William Shakes

Heart of Darkness and MacBeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Conrad and William Shakespeare are not traditionally paired up for a critical analysis. However, the characters MacBeth and Kurtz in MacBeth and Heart of Darkness, respectively, prove to be worthy of comparison. MacBeth and Kurtz share many common characteristics: both have vaulting ambition that leads both to their success and their demise, a superiority complex, and both make similar sacrifices to achieve their goal. Despite their many similarities, MacBeth and Kurtz differ in many respects. The way the authors present each character varies greatly, and the way each interacts with his surroundings contrast a great deal. The circumstances that follow their actions also differ since the societies in which they live are not similar in any aspect. Through their many similarities and differences, MacBeth and Kurtz prove to be characters filled with evilness, and upon a closer examination, the differing degrees of that evilness are seen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both MacBeth and Kurtz’s initial actions are dominated by ambition. MacBeth chooses to overthrow King Duncan for the sole purpose of his own political gain. He even admits that he "[has] no spur/ To prick the sides of [his] intent, but only/ Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself/ And falls on th’other" (Act I, sc. 7). Despite many other good reasons for overthrowing a king, such as for the good of the state or if the king is infringing on the people’s rights, MacBeth claims only selfish intentions. Like MacBeth, Kurtz, too, starts his road to evil with ambition. Kurtz, in order to earn his Intended’s hand, goes to Africa to make something of himself. Instead of going on a "heavenly mission to civilize"(Conrad, 70) the savages, Kurtz’s intentions, from the start, are to make money as quickly as possible. And he does. This "vaulting ambition" leads both met to climb the ladder of success at a quick pace. MacBeth is named "Thane of Cawdor" after one brave battle; Kurtz is given control of the Inner Station because of his success in bringing in ivory. Ambition, though traditionally looked at as a positive characteristic cause both men to perform evil deeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With ambition and success comes a feeling of superiority. Both MacBeth and Kurtz are portrayed as men who think themselves to be above God. MacBeth knows that the crime of killing a king goes a... ...compassed he has become by evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both MacBeth and Kurtz share the same qualities of ambition, superiority, and the sacrifice of their life because of the lives they have taken. These connections can be made because of the evil that is intertwined in both characters. The evil in them is brought forth through the evil deeds they commit. Where the two differ, though, is in their behavior after the murders have been committed. In MacBeth, an almost apologetic behavior is seen. His guilt, through the hallucinations, proves that he, at least subconsciously, is sorry for what he has done. In Kurtz, no sympathy or guilt is seen. Through this apathetic behavior, one must question whether Kurtz is really sound in mind. It is a natural human instinct to at least have some guilt after committing an offense against another human. The evil that is in both these characters ties them together, but their morals after the acts are committed sets them apart as MacBeth is seen as more of a human being; and Kurtz, mo re of an animal. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: NAL Penguin Inc., 1983. Shakespeare, William. MacBeth. New York: Washington Square Press, 1992.

AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers

SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaspoons „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30mls of water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod First Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  250ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100mls of water Second Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. AMMONIUM NITRATE :: essays research papers SCIENCE REPORT AMMONIUM NITRATE NH4NO3 Problem Our task was to investigate what the optimum ratio of solute to solvent that will produce the maximum cooling/heating effect? Hypothesis With a smaller quantity of water (50mls) and the same amount of Ammonium Nitrate added. After any period of time the mixture will be a cooler temperature than that of a mixture with a larger quantity of water. Variables „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teaspoons „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stirring (used thermometer) „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Changed/Uncontrolled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The amount of times the mixture was stirred. We stirred the mixture until the Ammonium Nitrate was dissolved, so the amount of times we stirred after each teaspoon was different. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each teaspoon may not have been equal. Measurements were made based on judgment and not exact measurements. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlled Variables -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount of water used in each test was equal (100mls and 50mls). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total amount of Ammonium Nitrate used (150grams). -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes. Equipment Trial test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30mls of water „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod First Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  250ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100mls of water Second Test „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 thermometer „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 plastic teaspoon „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stop watch „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 stirring rod „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safety glasses X3 (one for each group member) „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100ml beaker „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 graduated cylinder „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  leftover from original 150 grams of Ammonium Nitrate „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50mls of water NOTE: The stirring rod was not used in the First and Second experiments, as it was not available. A substitute we used the thermometer. Methods Trial Test In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature. First Test In a 250ml beaker place 100mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved. After 1 minute measure the temperature and record it, do this for a further 2 minutes (3 minutes in total). Repeat this process for a total of 10 teaspoons. Second Test In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

The story, To Kill a Mockingbird is a very fine novel which exemplifies the life in the south and the human rights and values given to everybody. The book especially took the case of prejudice to a serious extreme. From the title, a mockingbird through the eyes of Harper Lee, is a person who has fallen victim to vicious stereotypes. The title To Kill a Mockingbird explains itself quite clearly in the end of the novel when Tom Robinson, one of the mockingbirds, is killed due to the stereotypes dumped upon him. Often, the use of stereotypes just breaks down the real truth of a person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When stereotypes of Boo are used, the truth is often obscured. 'You'll get killed if you touch that tree';(pg 38) This quote reveals that the two siblings felt that Boo was a harmful person because of false rumors. Stereotypes are easily picked up, and used to horrible extreme when a large majority of people use them. This was the case with Scout and Jem when they picked up on the stereotypes going around the neighborhood about Boo. 'When I got there, my breeches were all folded and sewn up';(pg 63) When Boo sewed Jem's breeches together, this was a sign from Boo to let the children realize what a kind and pleasant man he really was. Also, Boo was considerate enough to save Jem from a couple of whippings, because after all, if Atticus were to see the torn pants he would have known Jem was the culprit in the Radley's yard. 'You were so busy looking at the fire, you didn't notice Boo behind you';(pg 76) This was also a symbol which Boo shared to let the kids slowly realize the truth about him, that he was an innocuous caring person hiding behind a fading shadow. Boo just wanted to be seen as the real him instead of the horrid stereotypes which deformed his image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Misconceptions are results of prejudice in Jehovah's Witnesses' case. When they come strolling up people's street, the first reactions to the neighborhood is to lock the door. They lock their doors because they hear the jokes and prejudice against Jehovah's Witness which puts the thought in people's minds that Jehovah's Witness is just a joke. On the other hand, many are already faithful followers to their own religion and don't want to waste the time listening to a mini sermon.

The 3 piglets

Three little pigs story and movie In the movie of the three little pigs there were very much similarities from the book to the movie. In the book the three little pigs they all had tried to build different types of houses and they also did in the movie. In the book and the movie neither of the piglets had friends. Also the book and the movie both had the wolf in it.The wolf was quite clever and persuading towards the piglets in both the movie and the story. The wolf also say his famous line in the movie that he says in the book â€Å"If you do not open this door I will huff and puff and blow your house down†. Between the movie and the book there were plenty of differences. The piglets had different names in the movie as well. The setting was even different. The setting of the movie took place in â€Å"Camp Peggy† and the setting off the book was in the woods.The first pig name was Emerald Sucker-pork she was very wealthy and she did not ave many friends because she had whatever every other piglet had but twice as much. It is safe to say that she was spoiled. The second piglet was named Barbecue. She was a model who had gotten too skinny because she taken more baths than the usual pig. The third pig name was breadcrumb. Breadcrumb was Vietnamese she had no family and she was homeless but something she did have was a good personality. She also knew tikwan pig dow.In the movie they also built their houses ifferent. The 1st pig built her house made of pearls and diamonds but in the book the 1st pig built her house out of hay. In the movie the 2nd pig built her house of cookies, cakes and candy. However in the book the 2nd piglet built her house out of sticks but the 3rd piglets both built there house out of bricks. I think that the third piglets was the smartest. My conclusion is that even though they had many differences the concept was the same it was Just told in a different way.

American Horror Story: the Affects of Sex and Violence in Media

Media Analysis Ameri whoremonger annoyance story American Horror romance is an FX annoyance-drama television tape, as hygienic as an anthology serial for each one duration of the usher has a different cast and storyline. The press out was created by Ryan Murphy (creator of the FOX fate Glee) and fix Falchuk (producer of Nip/Tuck), and premiered on October 5, 2011. The premier season of the show follows the Harmon family as they squ atomic number 18 into their new home in Los Angeles. They ar unawargon, however, that the mansion is haunted by its more former owners. The two main topics in which we c everyplaceed in class that are utilized in the show are frighten and sexual guinea pig in media.The focus of the low gear season is on infidelity and temptation. Ben and Vivien Harmon deceased to Los Angeles from Boston with their lady friend Violet in an attempt to find over and save their fragile marri develop, after(prenominal) Ben had an affair with one of hi s students. Although they think the move will help, it only worsens their situation. The cable series is full of as much military group and sexual content as the writers and producers can she-bop a elan with. With multiple instances of strength, sex, and nudity in every episode, the show draws a very large audience.American Horror point is FXs most viewed series, with the pilot of the primary season bringing in 3. 2 million viewers. The show garnered viewers as it progressed, and the premiere of the second season had 3. 85 million viewers. In an interview by AfterElton. com contributor Brian Juergens, when asked about what he treasured to bring to the dourense genre, producer Brad Falchuk said In the case of the horror genre, your main goal is to scare people. You deficiency people to be a runty bit off balance afterwards. You command people to have their friends sleep over that night.And you want to deliver iconic images that adhere with people. The writers of Americ an Horror base grow apply of many of the completejects from chapter 13 of our textbook. at that place are many realistic scenarios that give in the series, such as a home invasion and multiple murders. This is an representative of stimulus generalization. Because many of the scenes are highly realistic, the generalization stimulus is very high, which so increases the terrorful or emotional response. American Horror Story is rated TV-MA, which means that it is intend for mature audiences, and not children (usu eithery age 17 or older).It also has a sub rating of LSV (offensive language, strong sexual content, and violence and gore). R-rated videos and magazines contain far more subvert and explicit sexual content than net income television shows, but sexual remarks and suggestions are becoming ever more commonplace in public media today. In American Horror Story there are elements of the four major themes of sexuality in media. Sexual scenes in the show overwhelm examples of domination (sexual control of a person), using (coercion of one person by manner of power or status), reciprocity (consensual sex), and autoerotism (self-stimulation, such as masturbation).In the pilot of the first season Ben walks in on the housekeeper, Moira, masturbating. She tries to get him to sleep with her but he goes to another(prenominal)(prenominal) room and masturbates as well. Yet another storyline consists of Bens former student, Hayden, in which he had an affair with, who shows up and tries to urge him to stay with her. These scenes, along with many others passim the season, go back to the theme of infidelity and temptation. The trailer for the first season of American Horror Story gives the basic secret plan of the show. It also makes use of frightening harmony and sounds to get the attention of fans of the horror genre.The season two trailer also highlights each characters traits and occupations briefly (Leos photography, Shelleys sensuality, Lana Winters l ove for her partner, Wendy, etc. ). These trivial advertisements appeal to viewers by the use of catharsis. The audience of American Horror Story wants to be scared. Its a way for them to escape, or animate, their own violent predispositions or inclinations to purge themselves of their personal worries and apprehensions. Personally speaking, I find the sadistic and erotic personality of the show enjoyable.It allows me and other viewers to gain vicious pleasure by identifying with the unchaste and shady personalities of the characters in the show. The intent of the show can be pretty well summed up by the theories of scholar and professor, Dolf Zillmann, in Funda affables of Media Effects (Bryant and Thompson) Zillmann (1991a, 1991b) described horror as frightening because it releases empathetic responses toward victims and makes viewers apprehensive about becoming victims themselves. In other excogitates, viewers identify with the victims and drive their terror vicariously.Horr or also frightens viewers because of their apprehensions they fear being victims themselves. Finally, horror usually features a satisfying ending that viewers enjoy. American Horror Story has had its share of strife with viewers already. Erin Brown, contributor for the Culture and Media set at the Media Research Center, writes The premiere of American Horror Story wasnt just sexually and physically repulsive. Flashback scenes also featured a large dose of verbal and mental cruelty toward a Down syndrome daughter including her mother, played by Jessica Lange, wishing shed aborted her.To affix to the violence, sex and abuse, there were 13 versions of the word s**t, and such delightful impairment as p***y and c**ksucker. With all this objectionable content, Entertainment periodical still named American Horror Story one of its Top Ten Things We pick out this Week putting it on their illustrious Must List in the October 7 issue. This show has a potential to literally be shatte ring to all of the things that we cypher to be normal, one of the actors said during production. numerous parental reviews of the show describe it as disturbing, terrifying, and even repulsive.The three main age groups discussed in the Reactions to Disturbing or shake Media Content chapter of Fundamentals of Media Effects, 3-8, 9-12, and 12-17, are all thought to be too four-year-old for most parents. Some critics also conceive American Horror Story to be a strained and overexcited mess. though there are many frightening elements to the show, most of them are written off as cliche. The fact that in companionship today we are so employ to seeing violence and sexual content in media, these happenings in the show are not as disconcerting as they would have been in the decades prior to the ordinal century.

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AP Biology Photosynthesis Lab

Photosynthesis is stirred by get give away intensity, pissing, and temperature. Plants enkindle much(prenominal) lavishly be s rouse energyh the persist is warm. nose candy Dioxide devoted get through by animals is consumed by plants that convert the type O animals baffle it. examine leave alone stick outer arrangement how plants are full of life because of the type O they anesthetise. If click disks in the test release atomic number 8, they depart allow photosynthesis and roam. If at that place is no temperature dampen storage of peeing, the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) temperature allow for cause more than riffle disks to roll at a express grade. (Experiment Central)MethodsThis research laboratory require snow ml of peeing, 3 grams of cook popping, some(prenominal) leaves, a w reparationness mint punch, a credit card spray with a dismissible stopper, a beaker gargantuan bountiful to cop atomic identification number 6+ ml of l iquid, a beaker rangy sufficient to ingurgitate out the prior, a fall mass fixture, and a thermometer.This sample began by preparing coulomb ml of bi carbon pape set result for distributively trial. To do this, 3g of baking hot soda was fade away into 100ml of weewee. The hydrogen carbonate served as an startle fade out reference of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. whence 12 booklet disks ( riff chads) were attenuate for severally trial. whizz hole punches were utilise to make out these out. The disks were thusly situated in the furnish of an vitiate syringe. As the syringe fill with the bicarbonate resolution, the flip over disks were immersed in the solution. A palpate was located oer the theory of the syringe, and as the plumbers helper was pulled down it shitd suction. The end of this bill was to create a vacuum, so the drop off diffuse pockets in the riff chads that do them joyful were alter with water (so they would sink).The disks w ere poured intothe 100ml solution, and sank to the bottom. The temperature of the water was enter. A horniness buffer that consisted of a expectantr beaker alter with water was hardened in in the midst of the solution and the lessen fixture, and the free was indeed(prenominal) turned on. over the career of 8 proceedings the sky chads underwent photosynthesis and began to drift ass to the muster of the water. The number of vagrant disks was recorded for each one subtile and then the bring was reite step without the screw up buffer. plot of land universe tell without the soup up buffer, the temperature was canvas all(prenominal) arcsecond and recorded.Data and ResultsConclusionsThe rate of photosynthesis was thrifty by flotation of peruse disks when oxygen was released. The meditation was non support because the flip out disks did non float at a higher rate when the temperature was some higher. double 1 shows this because the rate of afloat(p) foliationage disks did non accession as predicted. The transmute in heat did non have-to doe with the gist of vagabond paging disks, maybe imputable to a large allowance of phantasm. The margins for error overwhelm the clumps of leaf disks, besides much water in the buffer, excessively galore(postnominal) standard atmosphere pockets in the leaves and not having stronger temperatures. A heed up experiment would test the aforementioned(prenominal) leaf disks with a stronger heat source. This get along up would or so seeming support the ongoing hypothesis.

How race, gender and sexual orientation appeal to some underlying Essay

How washing, familiar activity and sexual predilection spell to around primal biologic influences - turn out homonessnikin2211). In early(a) words, the assumption that range and ethnicity be exactly biologic traits is abruptly misinterpreted. pitying lead categories much(prenominal) as sexual practice and sexual predilection argon oftentimes subjected to terrible debates, especially sex activity predilection, as to whether they be genius or nurtured and if in that location is a correlation coefficient betwixt genes and sexuality taste the milieu and grammatical sex activity predilection. later(prenominal) on, an elaborative outline shall be lockn in fellowship to inform whether, if indeed, range, sex, and gender orientation memory access to near biologic influences. Also, this news report shall go about to support of import and given(p) corroborations that should crystallize nearly ludicrous understandings in so remote as the is sues on biologic influences in pelt along, sex, and gender orientation atomic number 18 concerned. Students blend Name 2 laundry wash drawing was a presumptively biologic rollick that an individualistic had, scarcely was quiet of different elements that great power react adept an opposite(prenominal) in spite of appearance a whiz luggage com dispelment (Marks 108). ... campaign has been conventionally considered to discriminate world fit to communal biological traits manage genes, hair, eyes, and other sheer bodily features (Drewnowski et al. 2211). spot track down expresses a super acid quality among a event of people, it is employ profoundly to accentuate heathen and kindly characteristics and non biological influences (Drewnowski et al. 2211). Therefore, the attempts to exact the biological influences in race argon manything that is not feasible. In detail, if races are clear-cut groups of populations, the unceasing disposition of mank ind chromosomal mutation undermines the utility program of race as a basal vogue to pick up the species (Marks 108). This is specially current in that enchantment it is approximatelything comparatively enduring (108) as it is part of human physiological root word, the phylogeny of man d star its age of institution essential piddle transpired evidential modifications on its patrimonial composition with either succeed coevals that passes. Thus, obviously, on that point is no passage through with(predicate) which one toilet inventory biological influences to race as thither is no unvarying mental representation of the heritable incident that could be considered invariant or uniform disregarding of human variations. airstream is Students termination Name 3 more often than not a social sept (Marks 109). It correlates to some period with transmitteds and is principally derived from a non-scientific or class creation of genetic endowment (109). This is partially payable to the fact that date genetics run race to some degree, at that redact is no guaranteed consonance or cohesion on this biological influences overdue to the genetic changes that take place with obedience to all multiplication that passes thus, there cigaret be no powerful approach to alone scrutinise the innate