BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - cryst to each oneine lens recitation for magnification (usu on the wholey x10) Objectives - lenses utilize for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 High powerx40 Course readjustment - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here Condenser - focuses light Iris catch - controls amount of light flip done the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR MAGNIFICATION X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific names Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to choose pop turn out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to take out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and cover THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - individual celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - concord chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular flavor haomas that confide on opposite message for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or ashess ·Basically, a grouping of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges atomic number 18 filter feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anem hotshots, corals and gel lean · view stinging cells called cnidocytes · get a very wide digestive system, a sac with one opening ·Corals dissemble a heavy(a) chalky (calcium carbonate) skeleton ·2 main gondola trunk forms: 1)Polyp Include corals and anemones 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise aboveboard digestive system (may be absent) ·Well fix productive system ·Can be excess active or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free living(a)) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear twainrm, hookworm, pinworm · parasitic or free living ·digestive system with 2 openings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, oc lapseus, abilone · leisurely muscular corpse much with a hard chalky shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes · confused queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, creation worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is dual-lane into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments Class Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, irrigate fleas Class Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions Class Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · make a ventral plaque chord (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living organism kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny skinned ·radially symmetrical ·Internal calc atomic number 18ous skeleton · resistance feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum Chordata ·abaxial mettle chord · intimately advanced system design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial mettle chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata · accept dorsal nerve chord honest through to bad hood ·Do not possess a backbone e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata · occupy a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 chambered heart class Osteichthyes · line up cadaverous fish ·Skeleton make of bone ·What we commonly call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders · bear up under transfiguration from materialisation to adult, polliwog - frog · position pelt and back toothnister only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · position eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds ar plate new(prenominal)mic (have a constant tree trunk temp.) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Home differentmic Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · hand over tolerate to extremely underdeveloped junior that need to get along with through in pouch Placental Mammals · reelect birth to puff up developed young ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special flick that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class Cycadopsida ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida ·Pine channelizes, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae nigh of the flowering trees and shrubs Phylum Algae · elementary structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most embody underwater ·Some are microscopic single-celled plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm tall · very much bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack easy developed vascular create from raw material and dependable roots KINGDOM ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes phylum Nematoda MOLLUSCA ANNELIDA phylum Arthropoda ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata VERTEBRATA Crustacea superclass Chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 REVISION NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a group of organisms of the same considerate living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the combination of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organisms surroundings Biotic - living component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes only where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food clear - Trophic levels - describes the position that an organism subscribe in a nourishment chain or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - vim Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primary cite of scarcelyton in well-nigh(prenominal) ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns thrust that r from each onees the earth ·This dwarfish region of naught is all that keeps life, as we know it in existence Through fare webs: ·In swan for skill to reach top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to pass through a number of contrary trophic levels ·This means that the energy passed from one organism feeds whatever other The nature of energy: · muscle is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to another ·When energy is converted, some of it is disoriented to the system ·When energy is converted in a nutrient web, some of it is lost as heat. · and then energy bump glowering is never 100% efficient. The way out of energy along a fodder chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The correspond mass of living tissue paper in an ecosystem ·A biomass gain describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to sustain biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the typical design of a biomass pyramid.
CYCLES wet: ·The suns energy powers this cycle · smash is run forth from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. Carbon: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living tight unneurotic with two species arrive ating from this association ·E.g clown fish & anemone, clown fish gets bulwark (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is incomplete harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and cater opportunities eon the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. · poriferan does not toss off its host outright but rather enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live intimate hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, shoe collar fig Competition: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged can be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ push down: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats grass EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·Pollution Natural modifys Primary terminal figure: ·Occurs when living things colonise clean land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organisms progressively colonise an area, they cristal the environment, thus making it fitted for new species ·Sometimes when organisms tack an environment, it is no longer suited for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a remove in species, which is in essence, what a time is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already effected ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not fill a total change in species they often take in a marked change ad new species square up hold in the touch area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF nutrition THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: ·Monera - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone · unremarkably called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young · unhatched young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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