[Use of dual piping agreements for waters of different qualities is gaining slightly favor as an alternative to expensive special treatment, which desalination is. Okun (52-64) has published a compend of the concept--St. Petersburg, FL had the first major system (61-62), and he has specifically compared it to membrane desalting techniques for drinking water completely (63).]
In Florida. Dykes and Conlon wrote in 1989 that membrane technology has been applied "for decades"--first for sea water--in what have become "almost 100" Florida water systems (1); a summary is still available on the Internet (1-2). In 1996, Bergman (32-43) summarized Florida softening (costs) by membrane (desalination) techniques. An exhaustive 1994 review of membrane technologies for brine treatment and softening is that by Morin (42-54). In his summary table of 63 American plants, Morin (44) shows that 36 are in Florida--the dominant applier of the technology.
Many Florida towns and
Alqimam [sic]. "King Fahd Lauds Saline pee Conversion
In the Southwest land of the United States (lower Colorado and Rio Grande basins, primarily) desalination of brackish water is inform by Maddock and Hines for the Las Vegas area (325) and for the El Paso region (324). The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) is considering a demonstration sea water desalination plant (5 mgd) to be built by 1999--headed ultimately toward 20 mgd (MWD 1).
"Membrane Softening: The Concept and Its practical application to Municipal Water Supply." (1990): 1. http://www2.uwin.
Resources Bulletin, AWRA 27 (April 1995): 317-29.
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