Report on Inflation

EVOLUTION OF EXCHANGE RATE administration IMPACT ON MACRO ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH by Liza Fahmida A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Professional coer in positing and Finance Examination Committee Dr. Sundar Venkatesh (Chairperson) Dr. Juthathip Jongwanich Dr. Yuosre Badir Nationality Bangladeshi Previous gradation Master in Finance and verifying University of Dhaka Bangladesh Scholarship Donor Bangladesh avow Asian Institute of Technology coach of Management Thailand May 2012 acknowledgment The disquisition paper entitled Evolution Of supersede regula boost plaquen Impact On big Economy Of Bangladesh has been prep atomic number 18d for the partial fulfillment of Professional master in blasphemeing and Finance (PMBF) program imparted by School of Management, AIT, Thailand. I would equivalent to offer my wholehearted gratitude and respect to a safe number of people who offered advertisement, information and information, i nspiration and assistance during the course of constructing this dissertation paper.It would be difficult to prep atomic number 18 the paper and to present it in a lucid manner within stipulated time without the attend to of my guide teacher Dr. Sundar Venkatesh, Adjunct Faculty, School of Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. His consummation care, constant uphold and meticulous supervision guided me through the process. I am indebted(predicate) to Begum Sultana Razia, General Manager, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh commit, whose sincere co-operation and valuable advice help me to prepare this paper.I would like to thank all of my colleagues and new(prenominal) employees of contrasted inter neuter Policy Department and Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh blaspheme for their assistance in this regard. I would like to thank all of fel natural depression course distich who contributed through their comments and suggestions to prepare the report in a comprehensive manner. ii ABSTRACT Bangladesh had two varied metamorphose grade politicss- a rigid flip count st regulategy from January 1972-May two hundred3 and a vagabond sub position political science since June 2003. later on adopting the undirected metamorphose stray political science Bangladesh experient positive impacts on macro frugal festering.The variable quantitys of the macro frugal factors permit been considered as in curb reserve, workers remittances and tradeinging proceeds to evaluate the impact of convince set over them in this paper. notwithstanding the ongoing challenges for the realm are the deprecative motility in local anesthetic funds in a passing pretentiousnessary saving. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the macro scotch surgical procedure over the governances and to analyze present bullion spatial relation of Bangladesh. iii Table of eluding NO. 01 Title page Acknowledgement Abstract Table of circumscribe List of supposes List of Abbreviations Chapter-01 02 1. 1 principle 1. Scope 1. 3 Objectives of the look at 1. 4 methodology 1. 5 Limitations 1. 6 constitution 02 Chapter-02 Literature retread 03 base 3. 1 Factors Affecting throw enjoin 3. 2 mathematical operation of previous and incumbent FX-Regime in Bangladesh locate of GDP 3. 2. 1 harvesting Unde 3. 2. 2 latest forecast equilib prescribe 3. 2. 3 ostentation feature 3. 3 Justification of travel win over swan 3. 4 The convert from Fixed to Float 04 Chapter-04 Performance of Floating supplant post brass On Macro Economy of Bangladesh 4. 1 The Export On Macro Economy of Bangladesh dimension 4. 2 Enhancement of Workers subsidence 4. guard station 4. 4 The harvest-home come in of GDP 13 14 14 15 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 Chapter-03 change outrank Evolution in Bangladesh 7 base 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 SECTION Page I ii iii iv V vi iv 4. 5 Relationship among variables 05 Chapter 5 planned qualify Rate Situation Pres et transfigure Rate Situation 5. 1 put back Rate Movement 5. 2 Reasons for Currency disparagement 5. 2. 1 High pomposity 5. 2. 2 Low outside(prenominal) institutionalize Investment 5. 2. 3 allot shortfall Chapter 6 06 Recommendation and evidence 6. 1. Control lump 6. 2. Reduce Trade Deficit 6. 3 Enhancing opposed Direct Investment 6. 3 impelling Capital market place 6. brusk Term orthogonal Borrowings 6. 5 Effective Capital Market 6. 6 Derivatives Market 6. 7 Formation of Domestic FX Market 6. 8 autonomy of the substitution slang 07 08 References Appendix Trade Deficit of Bangladesh Yearly wipe out impersonate Yearly selective information of Workers subsidence Yearly data of Inflation Yearly data of Export, Remittance, hold and Exchanger Rate spotic data of Remittance and Exchange Rat Regression compendium FDI In Bangladesh 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 v joust OF FIGURES appellation 3. 4 3. 5 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4 . 4 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. Exchange Rate Movement immediately later inception of Floating comparability of month end Real Effective Exchange Rate The Export Volume in US$ The Workers Remittance The Foreign Reserve Position (REER) and token(a) Exchange Bangladesh GDP maturation Rate Rate amongst 2003-2004. Exchange Rate Movement Figure Inflation egress Rate of Foreign Direct Investment Trade Deficit of Bangladesh PAGE 11 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD ADB BB FDI FPI FX FY GDP IMF LC Authorized Dealers Asian reading cashbox Bangladesh confide Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Portfolio Investment Foreign Exchange financial YearGross Domestic Product Inter content Monetary Fund letter of Credit NEER OANDA REER USD Net Effective Exchange Rate Website of replacement order information. Real Effective Exchange Rate Us Dollar heptad Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION At the preamble of the Bangladesh Bank order, 1972, it is stated that W presentas it is bring to establi sh a beneathlying affirm in Bangladesh to manage the monetary and credit system of Bangladesh with a view to stabilizing domestic pecuniary lever and maintaining a competitive outside(a) par note value of the Bangladesh Taka toward upgrade development and development of commonwealths productive resources in the national kindle. To maintain a competitive external par value of the Bangladesh Taka, as per Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947, Bangladesh Bank as a primeval desire of the solid ground, regulates the overseas rally on behalf of the regimen 1. 1 Rationale Exchange crop indicates the global position of economy of the country. The countrys economic development is closely link up with its overseas rallying system. Foreign re-sentencing stride is a vital component for the countrys economic activities too. Bangladesh has been carry it awayd the float swap stray regime since May 2003 and passed a number of Pons and cons in the overall economy.Due to the utmost importance of the rally come out in the economy, the study has been conducted in this area. 1. 2 Scope This paper covers the comparison of the heady and afloat(p) alter regime of Bangladesh. The key factor of this paper is the evaluation of the impact of mass meeting lay on the fundamental macroeconomic indicators of the economy. Three main fundamental factors have been identified to measure their impact with change over ramble. Those are export, workers remittance and alien commute reserve. The empirical data of 2000 to 2012 has been utilise to ustify the whole thing. To get an intellect about the Bangladeshs position, both(prenominal)(prenominal) conterminous countrys experience in each(prenominal) case been compared hither. 1. 2 Objectives of the study 1. To evaluate the qualify arrange regimes in Bangladesh economy Fixed and Floating 2 To evaluate the locomote arrangements practiseance in three macro economic variables Export, Workers Remittanc e and Foreign Reserve. 3 To understand the reason for specie disparagement 1 1. 4 Methodology To obligate the objectives of the study, secondary data have collected.The sources of data are Bangladesh Bank, control panel of Investment, Export Promotion business office, Websites of IMF, ADB, OANDA and other cereb roam to links. Statistical analysis coefficient of correlational statistics has been cipher to understand the exchange aims signifi behindce on the economic variables of Export, Workers Remittance and Foreign Reserve . 1. 5. Limitations There were roughly limitations to conduct the study. Being, sensitive, current one, problems were faced to relate with various components and linking with them. And for its real nature, primary data was not available.Since the exchange ordain regime is a vast area, it was as well challenging to prepare this report within a limited time. 1. 6. Organization There are six chapters in this report. Chapter I is the introduction that change integrity into six sub sections. Literature Review is in Chapter 2. Exchange Rate Evaluation in Bangladesh has been covered in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 covers Performance of Floating Exchange Rate System On Macro Economy of Bangladesh. enter exchange crop office is describing in Chapter 5. The cobblers finish chapter covers recommendation and conclusion. 2Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The basic indemnity variables of country is remote exchange tramp that ensured wad, business, presbyopicsighted term funding, foreign direct investiture, inflation, foreign exchange reserve, innermost remittance etc. Various economists opined that the indemnity of the exchange yard system had a crucial impact on 1990s economic catastrophe. Nevertheless, it is yet to be proved either theoretically or by trial and error regarding the role of exchange ramble on the indicators of macroeconomic variables. Whatever the case may be, different countries adopt different exchange sum up polici es.Bangladesh, the decoct of this paper, had a frigid exchange say system in place since January, 3 1972. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) more(prenominal) than 31 days, the Central Bank of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bank) changed it into a aimless exchange wander system in June 2003. Bangladesh has been pursuing a natation exchange rate system since then. Dr. Mirza Azizul Islam, the former advisor, Ministry of Finance of the Caretaker government of Bangladesh, presented a paper in January 2003, right before the shift from rigid to locomote regime, developing the overall performance of the fixed regime and the probable implications of the drifting regime on Bangladesh economy.He suggested that the experiences of other countries in the region show that floating regime gene order greater capriciousness in exchange rates and this ramify of uncertainty is likely to repair adversely the overall take and investment climate which is already afflicted by many unfavorable elements i n Bangladesh (See Islam, 2003). Bangladesh pursued a fixed exchange rate regime upto 1979. After that, from 1979 to mid-2003, it followed a managed floating exchange rate system.Repeated depression of the home specie, for maintaining a steady real exchange rate as good up as slip bying away from overvaluation of the local taka, were the prime factors for taking in the raw system of the foreign exchange system. From May, 2003, Bangladesh took almost a new polity known as clean floating exchange rate insurance polity by creating fully convertible current aim. and neat of the United States grudge convertibility is not yet done. The main reasons for all the policies that Bangladesh took were delinquent to modify export situation, decrease import liability with the aim of improving symmetricalness of trade.The evidences in favor of the above mentioned opinion have been placed below. Islam( 2003) told that the regulators of the monetary policy decides the exchange rate po licy of the country in order to obtain two basic goals. The first one is domestic target that covers checking inflation rate of inflation, the harvesting of credit both in Government and occult levels, and also the growth in liquidity and M2. The second reason is external target which considers foreign exchange reserve procession, declining current tale balance, pr eventidet exchange rate irritability in the countrys nter brim foreign exchange commercialise place as well as balance the exchange rate flow with neighboring countries like India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan etc. Hossain (2005) referreing Rahman and Bayes that Bangladesh took floating exchange rate system referable to (i) global fight (ii) improve export dimensions (iii) eliminate subsidy from export (iv) reduce import rack (v) attach the substitutes products for export. Aziz (2003) showed that according to the statements of the finance ministers for 3 ast decades, the prime consumes of devaluation of taka in our country (i) rise in export(ii) reduce import(iii) improve local newborn industries (iv) promote the inward remittances trough pursue wage earners, and (v) increase foreign exchange reserve. As per the Financial Sector Review(2006) of the central savings bank of the country, the major reasons of exchange rate policy covers (i) export promotion (ii) encourage inward remittances(iii) retentiveness the price level s control panel, and (iv) preserve a variable account situation externally.As a result, all the publications and write-ups have illustrated both directly or indirectly the export-growth and import reduction as the key reasons of the exchange rate policy of the country. Prior to adopting floating exchange rate regime, Islam (2003) argued that the economic and institutional prerequisites of a floating exchange rate regime are not met in Bangladesh. Some recent studies have tried to explain the behavior of nominal exchange rates of Bangladesh afterward its transition t o the floating rate regime.By doing a correlation analysis, Rahman and Barua (2006) explore the possible explanation of the exchange rate movement. They found that at that place is a strong correlation (-0. 40) amongst derogation and export-import gap as a share of reserves L/C openings for imports also have a positive correlation (0. 45) with capriciousness of the exchange rate, which implies that the mettle more or lesser the L/C openings the more volatile is the exchange rate.They conclude that amply seasonal demand for foreign currency because of increase import bills, systematic withdrawal of excess liquidity by Bangladesh Bank, relatively faster expansion of credit and higher take rates on various national savings instruments are the reasons behind the interest rate hike in the money securities industry and depreciation of the nominal exchange rate. William Miles, 2006 discussed about the effect of exchange rate system (both fixed and floating) on the long term growth in the economy.The effect of fixed rate, pegged rate and floating rate has been discussed here briefly on the basis of slightly(prenominal) literary works reviews and the finding is that fixed and intermediate regimes have a clear, crucially negative impact on growth (holds only for emerging securities industrys not for industrial nations. ) In this paper, the author has given an approach to determine if exchange rate regime itself truly extracts an independent effect on growth.Results here indicate that the effect of fixed exchange rates on growth in emerging marts is not direct, but rather contingent on the existence of macroeconomic imbalances and other distortions in place in the domestic economy. These results seem to conform more closely with exchange rate theory, which posits by and large positive, and few negative channels for pegged currencies to impact growth over the long run. Asad Karim caravanserai, June 2009 examines whether the floating exchange rate regime has any impact on the value of Bangladesh taka i,e does it perk up any lose on the value of the currency.He shows that regime change has no statistically signifi preservet impact on the value of Bangladesh currency once foreign exchange reserve is incorporated in the regression model. Younus and Chowdhury (2006) made an attempt to analyse Bangladeshs transition to floating regime and its impact on macroeconomic variables. They find that output growth in Bangladesh performed well in the intermediate and floating exchange rate regimes. Inflation is lower in the intermediate regime despite higher money supply and exchange rate depreciation. They also find that currency depreciation boosted export growth in the floating regime.Chowdhury and Siddique (2006) have analysed the exchange rate pass through to domestic inflation in Bangladesh. 4 The experiences of some countries in the region which implemented major changes in their exchange rate regimes in recent years rear provide useful less ons for Bangladesh. I have tried to focus the comparison among different economic indicators in the midst of Bangladesh and some of the southeast Asian Countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) all of which adopted independently floating exchange rate regimes.Trade and financial policy measures are very important for the countrys economy and out of that consideration, Bangladesh has interpreted a new exchange rate policy according to the obligations of IMF (article number VIII), as on 24th March,1994 introducing current account fully convertible. At the same time, Bangladesh was under pressure since it is the member of IMF. As a result, Bangladesh took floating exchange rate system in current account on 31st May, 2003. After that, IMF agreed Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) for our country with a new exchange rate system i,e, floating exchange rate system.However, Younus et al (2006) showed that free floating exchange rate system hind end arrange the prevention of overvaluation of local currency as it cogency present the export unattractive in the multinational world as well as alternative items of importable goods became difficult to bit with import goods. He illustrated that the prime goal of free floating system of exchange rate is supposed to avoid the main misalignment of exchange rate, specially, to stop unpredictable perceptivity of real rate of exchange that efficiency affect the demand of the integrality export of the country.The illustrations also included the encouragement of the export situation and descend the shortfall of the current account, control inflationary situation, and increase the position of inward remittances. Since the independence of the country, Bangladesh is pursual an dynamic exchange rate system that has been replicated in the nominal exchange rate that were declared by the central bank of the country time to time. Islam (2003) stated 89 modifications in the exchange rate of Bangladesh currency with USdollar since 1983 and among them, 83 were depression.Aziz (2003) illustrated 41 depreciation in nine years (1991-2000). Younus et al (2006) showed that 130 times depreciation took place between 1972 to 2002 in Bangladesh Taka that also reduce balance of payment famine. So, this paper, correctly identifies the exchange rate as the main important thing for economic changes of the country. After independence, Bangladesh fixed its Takas value with British thud sterling(prenominal) on tertiary 1972. Since 1972 to 1990 the Taka was overvalued. So there was a big shortage in relaxation of payment that hurt the economy badly.From 1990 the gap began to fix atomic reactor. The exchange rate regime worked kinda well in name of balance of payment, inflation, export and remittance. So there were some debate about incipience of this floating and criticism also rose about competence and preparation of Bangladesh Bank. But Bangladesh Bank performed well in managing the new born. But there is some volatility in the market in recent past. Bangladesh Bank, as a central bank of the country intervened prudently to curve the volatility and market became stable though Taka remains undervalued.The experiences of second atomic number 99 and South Asian countries showed that they had to intervene in the market for smooth moving. The experience supports the Mr. Kindleberger beliefs that market work well on the whole but occasionally impart be overwhelmed and 5 need help from a lender of the last resort. (The Economist, July 19th 2003). So the regulator should be watchful about the markets behavior and intervene when needed without hesitations. In the developing country these kind of intervention should be proactive rather than reactive.Naeem and Rasheed analyzed another(prenominal) important issue of whether channel prices and exchange rates are related or not has received considerable attention after the East Asian crises. They s instig ate that during the crises the countries bear on saw turmoil in both currency and stock markets. If stock prices and exchange rates are related and the causation runs from exchange rates to stock prices then crises in the stock markets can be prevented by controlling the exchange rates. Moreover, developing countries can exploit such a link to attract/stimulate foreign portfolio investment in their own countries.Si milearly, if the causation runs from stock prices to exchange rates then authorities can focus on domestic economic policies to stabilize the stock market. If the two markets/prices are related then investors can use this information to predict the behavior of one market utilize the information on other market. They also claimed that most of the empirical literature that has examined the stock prices-exchange rate relationship has focused on examining this relationship for the create countries with very modest attention on the developing countries.This paper get out assess whether the exchange rate regime change indeed has created any prodigious impact on the economy of the nation as well as the comparative analysis with the neighboring countries situation. There are some potentialities as well as difficulties in market establish system, so in this study there are some recommendations for the regulator and for the market simulated military operationers. To manage the floating exchange rate, full automation as well as transparency is essential in banking sector. As the enceinte account of our economy is not convertible there is little scope of peachy flight.If the inception of floating exchange rate is the beginning to liberalize capital account immediately that wont be a irreverent decision. 6 Chapter 3 Exchange Rate Evolution in Bangladesh Introduction The world economy experienced some sort of fixed and limber exchange rate. Before 1875 there was Bimetalism of exchange rate and then the princely model (1875-1914). During Interwar hit ch (1914-1944) the classical Gold Standard broken down and in July 1944 representatives of 44 countries succeeded to establish the Bretton Woods system.Again the oil shock in the early 1970s and the dampen of demand broken down this system and world economy shifted to flexible exchange rate. Bangladesh has been experienced two major exchange rate regimes since the countrys Independence from 16th December1971. A Fixed Exchange Rate Regime from 1972 to 1979 and a Floating Exchange Rate Regime since May 2003. Among the time frame from 1971 to 2003, there were different exchange rate arrangements in terms of the currency mechanism, like Pegged to Pound Sterling (? 1972-1979Pegged to a basket of major trading partners currencies(? as the interpose currencies)1980-1982Pegged to a basket of major trading partners currencies(US$ as the intervening currencies)19831999familiarised Pegged System2000-2003Floatig Exchange Rate System May 30, 2003Present. All the policies of exchange rate system Bangladesh implemented, with the objectives of accelerating exports, cut down import pressure and improve the balance of trade. After independence, Bangladesh fixed its Takas value with British Pound Sterling on 3rd 1972.Since 1972 to 1990 the Taka was overvalued. So there was a abundant deficit in Balance of payment that hurt the economy badly. From 1990 the gap began to narrow down. The exchange rate regime worked quite well in terms of balance of payment, inflation, export and remittance. 3. 1 Factors Affecting Exchange Rate low Floating Exchange Rate Arrangements Exchange Rate is primarily decided by demand for foreign currency and Supply of foreign currency where demand and supply of foreign currency is also affected by some other sensitive factors.According to Jeff. Madura, (International Financial Management) theoretically demand for foreign currency is determined by several factors like, import payments, serve up payments which includes income payments, debt service p ayments, foreign investment (outward) and foreign investment (outward). The supply of foreign currency is composed of export Receipt, service receipts which includes income receipts, debt service receipts, foreign aid (inward) and foreign Investment (inward).Besides those some other factors affect the exchange rate movements. The factors are a)Purchasing Power parity b)Interest rate parity c) Relative income derived function d)Government Control e)Expectations etc. 7 3. 2 Performance of previous and current FX-Regime in Bangladesh To evaluate the performance of Bangladesh considering the two different exchange rate regimes, some data comparison have been made among three neighboring countries in South Asia. Those are India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 3. 2. Growth rate of GDP equivalence the percentage of growth rate with major neighboring Countries, the following table shows that Bangladesh was more or less in a similar situation before the acceptation of floating exchange rate regi me. Since 2003 with the new floating exchange rate system, there is also a positive write out of the GDP growth rate except 2009-2010. The global recession affect the overall growth of the country at that time. Table 3. 1 Growth rate of GDP (% per year) Y Country Banglades h India Pakistan Sri Lanka 2001 5. 3 5. 8 1. 8 -1. 5 2002 4. 4 4. 0 3. 1 4. 0 2003 5. 3 8. 2 5. 1 5. 9 2004 5. 7 7. 4 5. 5 5. E 2005 A 2006 R 200 7 6. 4 9. 2 6. 8 6. 8 6. 0 6. 6 7. 6 9. 7 5. 8 5. 8 5. 5 7. 7 200 8 6. 2 6. 7 3. 7 6. 0 200 9 5. 7 8. 0 1. 2 3. 5 2010 5. 8 8. 6 4. 1 7. 6 2011 6. 3 8. 2 2. 5 8. 0 inception Asian growing Outlook-2004 and 2011, ADB 3. 2. 2 Current Account Balance In comparison to other major South Asian countries, the table no. -2 shows that Bangladeshs achievement in terms of containing current account balance is better after the adoption of floating exchange rate regime (since 2003). It has done consistently better than some of the neighboring countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and India in all recent years excepting 2005.Table No. 3. 2 Current Account Balance as Percentages of GDP Y 2003 0. 5 0. 7 5. 9 -2. 2 E 2004 0. 0 0. 3 3. 0 -3. 0 A 2006 1. 3 -1. 2 -3. 9 -5. 3 R 2007 1. 4 -1. 4 -4. 8 -4. 3 Country Banglades h India Pakistan Sri Lanka 1999 -1. 5 -1. 1 -3. 0 -3. 6 2000 -1. 1 -0. 8 -0. 4 -6. 4 2001 -2. 3 0. 2 0. 6 -1. 5 2002 0. 4 0. 8 4. 6 -1. 8 2005 -1. 5 0. 3 2. 1 -3. 5 2008 0. 9 -2. 4 -8. 5 -9. 5 2009 2010 2. 7 3. 7 -2. 8 -5. 7 -0. 5 -3. 0 -2. 2 -3. 8 2011 0. 2 -3. 5 -1. 7 -4. 0 ascendent Asian Development Outlook-2011, ADB 8 3. 2. Inflation Situation Exchange rate regime and inflation are relevant because a change in the exchange rate is almost certain to cause a change in the domestic price of tradable and indirectly the price of non-tradable also. The international competitiveness of the economy is badly eroded by inflation. It generally encourages capital flight, exacerbates income distribution, gives rise to inequities in income distribution and a ggravates poverty. The relevant data are presented in the following table no. -3. Table 3. 3 Inflation in Bangladesh and Selected South Asian Countries Y 2002 200 3 2. 8 4. 4 3. 4 3. 5 10. 2 5. 3 3. 1 2. 6 E 200 4 4. 5. 0 4. 0 A 2005 5. 2 5. 0 6. 2 2006 7. 2 5. 2 7. 9 10. 0 R 200 7 7. 2 5. 0 7. 8 15. 8 Country Banglades h India Pakistan Sri Lanka 1999 8. 9 3. 3 5. 7 5. 9 2000 3. 4 7. 2 3. 6 1. 2 2001 1. 6 4. 7 4. 4 11. 0 200 8 9. 9 8. 7 12. 0 22. 6 200 9 6. 7 2. 1 20. 8 3. 4 2010 7. 3 9. 2 11. 7 5. 9 2011 8. 0 7. 8 16. 0 8. 0 origin Asian Development Outlook-2011, ADB It is wake that there is an increase expressive style of inflation since the adaptation of floating exchange rate regime. Data on inflation rates represent catch bonnys. Except for India, which reports the wholesale price index, inflation rates presented are based on consumer price indexes.The higher inflationary situation take place due oil and fare price hike in the international market as well as several natur al adventure like, Sidor, flood etc. 3. 3 Justification of Floating Exchange Rate From the above mentioned data analysis, it can be said the previous regime performed quite well in certain criteria. The major reasons behind the adoption of new exchange rate system is mainly the governments commitment to the liberalization of the countrys economy and to take the appropriate steps to create suitable environment of the economy for entering into capital account convertibility regime.Rather than this, there was IMFs conditionalities to enter into new floating exchange rate regime. 3. 4 The Transition from Fixed to Float To meet up the economic demand and to fulfill the IMF conditionality, on 29 May, 2003 Bangladesh Bank issued a pear-shaped stating- effective from 31st May, 2003, Bangladesh Bank floated its exchange rate and followed a fully market based exchange rate for Taka. Under this arrangement, exchange rate is determined on the basis of demand and supply of the respective curre ncies.Immediately after the inception of floating exchange rate banks, economists, currency traders and businessmen have welcomed the deregulation of the exchange rate saying that 9 the countrys foreign trade and remittance would get a boast up due to it and it would make the currency market more efficient and effective. Since the introduction there is no unusual raise of exchange rate till mid 2004. about of the time Taka maintains appreciating position during this period and Bangladesh Bank show a dreadful performance managing the new born exchange rate system.During mid 2004, Taka faced significant volatility against USD and it continued up to marvelous 2004. After that period, the volatility of exchange rate of Taka against USD eased but resulting to appreciated USD till mid January 2005. In recent times, Taka has depreciated significantly against USD in the inter-bank market. This has happened as because of price hike in oil price and scrap vessel in the international market created a surge on import settlements. Figure3. 4 Exchange Rate Movement immediately after inception of Floating Exchange Rate Movment 58. 7 58. 65 58. 6 58. 55 58. 5 58. 45 58. 4 58. 35 58. 3 58. 25 58. Exchange Rate TK/$ Jun-01 Jun-04 Jun-08 Jun-11 Jun-15 Jun-18 Jun-22 Jun-25 Jun-29 July-03 July-07 July-10 July-14 July-17 July-21 July-24 July-28 Banking days first Bangladesh Bank Unpublished Data Behavior of Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) and titulary Exchange Rate REER is considered as a channelise FX-rate to the policy maker as well as the market participants and it also shows the international competitiveness of countries goods and services. The policy makers are always tried to keep the Nominal Exchange Rate near to the REER. Before 1990 Taka was overvalued (see table no-01,02 and 03. that perverted our international competitiveness and that was the causes of prolonged Balance of Payment crisis. Figure3. 5 Comparison of month end Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) a nd Nominal Exchange Rate between 2003-2004. 10 July-31 62. 00 61. 00 60. 00 Behavior of REER and Nominal FX-Rate Rate TK/$ 59. 00 58. 00 57. 00 56. 00 55. 00 54. 00 REER-2003 53. 00 Nominal TK/$-2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec REER-2004 Nominal TK/$-2004 Months seminal fluid Bangladesh Bank Unpublished Data After 1990, Taka remained undervalued. The gap between Nominal Exchange Rate and REER were widened over the period.Before inception of floating exchange rate Taka was almost running on a free float for the last 12-15 month as rates were decided according to demand-supply situation and liquidity in market. Bangladesh Bank was also not virtually selling any dollar that time. This heart and soul the market has already factored in floating exchange rate. Moreover, before inception Bangladesh Bank took some measures for strengthening regulation, such as, keeping close observation of Authorized Dealers (ADs) daily activities peculiarly on Open Position, gave pre ssure for reconciliation of NOSTRO account balance, encourage every bank to set up dealing room and ressurized to make payment in due time etc. So we can obviously say that way to the floating exchange rate was prepared. 11 Chapter 4 Performance of Floating Exchange Rate System On Macro Economy of Bangladesh Introduction of floating exchange rate was tough issue and also there were some criticisms about the competence of Bangladesh Banks from some corner. But Bangladesh Bank performed a tremendous performance. There was no volatility no speculation in price and market behaves rationally. If we consider the market statistics, we find that macro economic variables have positive performances over the period of time.Three major variables have been considered for evaluating the impact of exchange rate with them. The variables are Export, Workers Remittances and Foreign reserve. 4. 1 The Export Situation The export trend from 1998 to 2011 shows an increase trend. It is shown here that th ere is upward trend of export after 2003,i. e, after adopting the floating exchange rate regime, the export has a robust growth in the economy. Figure4. 1 The Export Volume in US$ Source Bangladesh Bank Quarterly, January-March 2011 During the global recession, the export trend of Bangladesh was not that much affected mostly for the RMG sector.In the FY 09 and FY 10, the export leger increased significantly. 4. 2 Enhancement of Workers Remittance The Inward remittances from Bangladeshi nationals working abroad remained strong in FY10 even in the face of global economic slowdown and continued to play an important role in strengthening the current account. Receipts on this sector increased by 13. 4 percent to USD 10987. 40 trillion in FY10 from USD 9689. 26 billion in FY09. The underlying reason was that Bangladesh Bank has simplified the approval policy of bill of exchange arrangements between foreign exchange houses and domestic banks.As a result, 40 banks 12 have been allowed f or establishing 885 drawing arrangements with three hundred exchange houses all over the world for collecting remittances, (of which approximately 650 drawing arrangements with 250 exchange houses are operative now). Figure-4. 2 The Workers Remittance Source Bangladesh Bank Quarterly, January-March 2011 Considering the growth rate of workers remittances, it has been observed that the rate is quite higher after the free floating exchange rate regime that is 20. 52 % (2003-2010) than that of fixed exchange rate regime of Bangladesh which is calculated as 11. 9% (19932002). The increasing hail of workers remittance helps to balance the trade deficit in a prudent manner. 4. 3 Reserve Position The amount of foreign exchange reserve has been increased significantly over the last pas de deux of years. During the FY 2003 to FY 2005, the trend was quite steady and flat. But, it has an upward trend after FY 2007. The main sources of foreign reserve are workers remittance, foreign loans and grants and exports. 13 Figure-4. 3 The Foreign Reserve Position Period Reserves($) 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 469. 6 2705 2930 3483. 8 5077. 2 6148. 8 7470. 9 10749. 7 10911. 6 Source Bangladesh Bank Quarterly, January-March 2011 After the inception of floating exchange rate regime, the foreign exchange reserve boosted up due to huge amount of workers remittance and increasing trend of export. 4. 4 The Growth Rate of GDP The GDP growth rate reaches upto 6. 7% during FY 11. From 1994 to 2010, the average growth rate of GDP was 5. 47% reaching at high of 6. 63% in June 2006. The record low rate was 4. 08% during June 2004. For the last couple of years the growth rate was 5% above and Bangladesh is onsidered as a developing country. Figure-4. 4 Bangladesh GDP Growth Rate Source Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,2011 14 4. 5 The relationship among the variables The relationship between the exchange rate and three variables i, e, export, remittance and reserve reflects quite positive in correlation. The correlation has been computed considering the data from 2002-2011. Correlation Exchange Rate Export 0. 928315219 Remittance 0. 859373146 Reserve 0. 825444493 bingle regression analysis has been done with workers remittance and exchange rate.The social function of the quantitative analysis is to identify if there is any relationship between exchange rate and workers remittance of Bangladesh. The monthly data of workers remittance from the financial year 2007-2008 to financial year 2011-2012 has been taken for the calculation. The regression model, exchange rate is independent variable and remittance is dependent variable. The regression model is Y=66. 15+. 010385 remittance The value of R square is . 37 which means that the regression model explains 37% variation in exchange rate. The coefficient is very low which is and P value is quite high that is 3. 74.So, the remittance does not show any significant impact on foreign exchange rate. 15 Chapter 5 Exchange Rate Situation 5. 1 Exchange Rate Movement In the recent Taka depreciates against US$ drastically everywhere the period, July 2010-January 2012, from Tk 70 to Tk 86 &8212 a depressing 23% fall down. Figure-5. 1 Exchange Rate Movement Source Website OANDA The dandy fall of taka against US dollar continues for last couple of months. US dollar has been weakening against many other strong currencies like Euro, SF, Yen and GBP but getting stronger against Bangladesh Taka. Exchange rate depreciation creates the economy in a challenging situation. around-the-clock deprecative propensity higher the inflation rate that ultimately increase the trade deficit. The ongoing depreciation of Bangladeshi taka is becoming the challenge for the central bank as well as the Government. The increasing trend of the trade deficit (figure 7) also shows the possibility of the shortage of supply of the foreign currency i,e, US$ in the market. 5. 2 Rea sons for Currency Depreciation The reasons behind the currency depreciation are influenced by economic fundamental, exchange rate regime and occupation rules. There is a slow trend of capital inflow in the country for the last couple of years.The main reasons for that are low tendency of foreign direct investment and increasing trend of trade deficit. 16 5. 2. 1 High Inflation Inflation is appearing as a major threat in the economy in the recent past. Inflation had a moderate trend upto 2003 within 6%. It started increasing from 2004 and got sharp rise in 2008-2009 and the increasing trend is still continuing. The main cause of high inflation in Bangladesh is oil and food price hike in abroad. Figure 5. 2 Inflation Source Monthly frugal Trend-Bangladesh Bank, January 2012 The high level of inflation in the economy leads to lower the value of local currency taka.To cover the deficit budget, Government borrowings from the Central Bank (BB) and overall money supply increased leads to high inflation in the market. 5. 2. 2 Low Foreign Direct Investment The growth rate of foreign direct investment is showing a declining trend. The data has been used from 1996 to 2011. After 1998 and so on, the trend started to decline sharply. It increased a little bit during 2004-2005 but again has a very declining trend. 17 Figure-5. 3 Growth Rate of Foreign Direct Investment Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank, January 2012 In the recent past, the FDI growth rate is severely low.So, right steps are supposed to be taken by the government authority. 5. 2. 3 Trade Deficit Though the export volume has an increasing trend since the inception of floating exchange rate regime, there is huge amount of trade deficit with an increasing trend. 18 Figure 5. 4 Trade Deficit of Bangladesh Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank , January 2012 The amount of import has been increased sharply after 2006-2007. The gap between export and import becomes huge during the last financ ial year 2010-2011. Due to huge import payment, government debt has increased significantly in the country and demand for foreign currency increased. 9 Chapter 6 Recommendations and Conclusion Considering the above mentioned discussions, some recommendations have been formulated in order to bring stability in the foreign exchange market in the short run and long run for the Government and Bangladesh Bank i,e, the central bank of the country. Those are discussing as follows 6. 1. Control Inflation Effective measures are needed to be taken by the central bank to control inflation by reducing money supply in the economy. The formulation of the tighten monetary policy by the central bank is an important factor for controlling inflation.But the deficit budget of the Government creates huge Government Debt and prolong inflationary atmosphere. The related factors for reducing deficit budget 6. 2. Reduce Trade Deficit One of the important components to reduce the trade deficit is to enhance export volume of goods and services. Bangladesh is a import depended country. The main importable items are petroleum and food. Local industrialisation is utmost important specially in the food sector (substitute food items production) and other exportable items to reduce huge liability of the Government. 6. 3 Enhancing Foreign DirectInvestment Sufficient inflow of foreign direct investment could enhance the capital inflow in the country for long term. Bangladesh Government has specific policy for inviting FDI. Ensuring good governance, Infrastructural development, Utility, political stability will help to promote more investment from abroad in the country. 6. 4 Short Term Foreign Borrowings Borrowings from abroad is another option for supplying liquidity in the market. But the problem of short-term borrowing is that the country may fall into Debt-trap due to be unable to pay the money on time.Once the foreign currency injects in the market, it is difficult to recollect form the ma rket as well. The Central Bank of Philippines in early 1990 can be remembered here. Due to short-term borrowing to meet the local market demand, got huge foreign liability. Continuous losses eroded its capital base and made it wear in 1993. It took 25 years to reestablish the new central bank in that country. So, Instead of foreign borrowings, Concessionary loans at a low interest rate from World Bank and ADB and other bilateral donors might be a better option to meet the ongoing gap in the market. . 5 Effective Capital Market The capital market development is utmost important in order to bring the steady situation in FX market. Ensuring enough flow of Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), good governance and security in the capital market is time demand. 6. 6 Derivatives Market Introduction of various derivative products as options, currency swap, interest cap, interest swap, futures, forwards etc, as well as ensuring huge portfolio investment might bring the positive impact in the exchange rate market. 20 6. Formation of Domestic FX Market A formal forex market fabrication should be created, with the participation of independent professional bodies and with representation from the dealers association, Bangladesh Bank and other relevant government officials. This forum would provide the logistic support and political program for the forex market. Ideally, this forum would develop a secured web-based market to which only the members or combat-ready organizations would have access. From this website, all the logistic support required for completing the forex dealings among the members/participating organizations could be provided. 6. Autonomy of the Central Bank The autonomy of the central bank is desirable issue for the economy. The central bank should operate and perform independently with full automation. Conclusion This study shows that floating exchange rate regime has constructive effect on economic growth. The transition period from Fixed rate regime to Floating rate regime was quite smooth and stable. There is significant growth in the fundamental economic variables on the long path of the new exchange rate regime. The trend of export, workers remittances and foreign reserves have been analyzed and found considerable growth on these variables.Nevertheless, the ongoing exchange rate depreciation along with high inflation is becoming a challenging issue for the regulators and Government as well. The gap between demand and supply of foreign currency in the market is getting bigger in the high inflationary economy which lead continuous loses in the value of the local currency. The key reasons have been found for the currency depreciation are inflation, government debt, trade deficit, low FDI etc. The study recommended some issues for Governments and Centrals banks part. The regulation should be proactive rather than reactive.There are some potentialities in this new regime to reap this potentiality, Government as well as regulators should take effective steps. 21 REFERENCES Asian Development Bank. 2011. Asian Development Outlook 2010 Update. Asian Development Bank. 2006. Asian Development Outlook 2005, ADB Manila, Philippines. Asian Development Bank. Manila,Philippines. 2005. Asian Development Outlook 2005, ADB Asad Karim Khan Priyo, June 2009,Impact of the Exchange Rate Regime Change on the Value of Bangladesh Currency. Bangladesh Bank Annual Reports. 2010.Dhaka Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank Monthly Economic Trend. January 2012 Bangladesh Bank, Scheduled Bank Statistics. July- folk 2011. Financial Sector Review, 2006, Bangladesh Bank. Hossain, Akter. 2002, Exchange Rate, Capital flows and International Trade. Hossain, M. A. , and Alauddin, M. , (Fall 2005), Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh The Process and Its Impact on Macro Variables Particularly Export Expansion, The journal of Developing Areas, Volume 39, Issue 1, 127-150. Jeff. Madura, International Financial Management, 10th edition. Islam, Mirza A. 200 3) Exchange Rate Policy of Bangladesh Not Floating Does Not Mean sinking, Keynote report presented at dialogue organized by marrow for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh January 2, 2003. Nusrate Aziz . June 2008. The Role of Exchange Rate in Trade Balance Empirics from Bangladesh. The IMF, Annual Report 2010, Financial operations and transactions, The International Monetary Fund. Younus, S. and Chowdhury, M. I. , (December 2006), An Analysis of Bangladeshs Transition to Flexible Exchange Rate Regime, Working Paper Series. 22 APPENDIX I Trade Deficit of Bangladesh Export significance Year (in million USD) (in million USD) 1994-95 3472. 5250. 6 1995-96 3882. 4 6237. 9 1996-97 4418. 3 6436. 8 1997-98 5161. 2 6768. 0 1998-99 5312. 8 7205. 4 1999-00 5752. 2 7536. 6 2000-01 6467. 3 8401. 5 2001-02 5986. 1 7686. 0 2002-03 6548. 4 8691. 8 2003-04 7603. 0 9812. 9 2004-05 8654. 5 11832. 1 2005-06 10526. 2 13271. 7 2006-07 12177. 9 15441. 0 2007-08 14110. 8 19481. 4 2008-09 15565. 2 20291. 4 20 09-10 16204. 7 21388. 2 2010-11 22928. 2 32398. 4 Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank , January 2012 Trade Deficit (in million USD) -1778. 1 -2355. 5 -2018. 5 -1606. 8 -1892. 6 -1784. 4 -1934. 2 -1699. 9 -2143. 4 -2209. 9 -3177. 6 -2745. 5 -3263. 1 -5370. -4726. 2 -5183. 5 -9470. 2 23 Yearly Reserve Position In million USD Reserves($) Period 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 Source Monthly Economic TrendBangladesh Bank , January 2012 2469. 6 2705 2930 3483. 8 5077. 2 6148. 8 7470. 9 10749. 7 10911. 6 24 Yearly data of Workers Remittance Remittances Year/Month 2011-2012* 2010-2011 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 1999-2000 1998-1999 1997-1998 1996-1997 1995-1996 1994-1995 1993-1994 1992-1993 In million In million US dollar Taka Growth Rate 2117. 7 11650. 32 10987. 4 9689. 26 7914. 78 5998. 47 4802. 41 3848. 29 3371. 97 3061. 97 2501. 13 1882. 1 1949. 32 1705. 74 1525. 43 1475. 42 1217. 06 1197. 63 1088. 72 944. 57 157668. 7 829928. 9 760109. 59 666758. 5 542951. 4 412985. 29 322756. 8 236469. 7 198698 177288. 2 143770. 3 101700. 1 98070. 3 81977. 8 69346 63000. 4 49704 48144. 7 43549 36970. 4 Average Rate Growth 13. 39772078 22. 41982721 31. 94664639 24. 90541207 24. 79334977 14. 12586707 10. 12420109 22. 42346459 32. 8903884 -3. 448382 14. 28001923 11. 82027363 3. 389543316 21. 22820568 1. 622370849 10. 00349034 15. 2609 20. 51706112 11. 89409131Source Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2009-2010 Growth rate is self calculated 25 Yearly data of Inflation Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 portend to Point 1. 66 3. 58 5. 03 5. 64 7. 35 7. 54 9. 2 10. 04 2. 25 8. 7 10. 17 11. 59 12 months average 1. 94 2. 79 4. 38 5. 83 6. 48 7. 16 7. 2 9. 94 6. 66 7. 31 8. 8 10. 91 Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank , Janua ry 2012 26 Yearly data of Export, Remittance, Reserve and Exchanger Rate (In million USD) Workers Year FX Rate Export Remittance in mil US$ (in mil US$) 62. 691 2501. 13 FY02 5985. 89 63. 2216 3061. 97 FY03 6548. 54 64. 0869 3371. 97 FY04 7602. 99 68. 0508 3848. 29 FY05 8654. 52 73. 9865 4802. 41 FY06 10526. 16 74. 1681 5998. 47 FY07 12177. 86 73. 4636 7914. 78 FY08 12685. 4 73. 8228 9689. 26 FY09 14170. 7 74. 5518 10987. 4 FY10 14763. 8 79. 1877 11650. 32 FY11 20313. 8 Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank , January 2012 Reserve (in mil US$) 1582. 9 2469. 6 2705 2930 3483. 8 5077. 2 6148. 8 7470. 9 10749. 7 10911. 6 27 Monthly data of Remittance and Exchange Rate Year Month Remittance ( In million USD) Ex rate (average) Year Month Remittance ( In million USD) Ex rate (average) 007-08 2008-09 2009-10 July august September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June Febr uary March April May June July August September October November December January February March April May June 567. 11 470. 95 590. 67 559. 05 617. 39 635. 34 710. 74 689. 26 808. 72 781. 71 730. 26 753. 58 820. 71 721. 92 794. 18 648. 51 761. 38 758. 03 859 784. 47 885. 67 840. 99 895. 3 850. 5 784. 47 885. 67 840. 99 895. 3 850. 5 885. 38 935. 15 887. 57 900. 70 1050. 4 873. 86 952. 39 827. 96 956. 49 922. 16 903. 05 892. 15 73. 6518 73. 4389 73. 5663 73. 3004 73. 2946 73. 473 73. 4672 73. 4063 73. 2738 73. 4847 73. 2841 73. 3473 73. 38 73. 4947 73. 2884 73. 6468 73. 7971 73. 691 73. 7961 73. 8126 73. 8073 74. 1052 73. 9459 73. 9413 73. 8126 73. 8073 74. 1052 73. 9459 73. 9413 73. 9214 73. 6394 73. 7567 73. 7551 73. 5378 73. 8549 73. 8181 73. 9592 74. 2051 74. 0648 74. 4125 74. 6026 2010-11 2011-12 July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December 57. 31 963. 92 837. 71 923. 85 998. 64 969. 10 970 . 54 986. 97 1102. 98 1001. 97 998. 42 1038. 91 1015. 58 1101. 79 855. 44 1039. 48 908. 79 1147. 22 74. 5447 74. 4778 74. 5078 75. 0673 75. 3246 75. 5892 75. 8669 76. 0948 76. 8504 77. 8919 78. 42 78. 843 79. 6805 79. 534 79. 7888 80. 9414 81. 9104 84. 1857 28 Source Monthly Economic Trend-Bangladesh Bank , January 2012 Regression Analysis Exchange Rate and Remittance SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Standard wrongful conduct Observations 0. 610778 0. 373049 0. 360993 2. 020275 54ANOVA df Regression Residual Total 1 52 53 SS 126. 2866232 212. 2385435 338. 5251666 Standard Error 1. 622261594 0. 001867047 Lower 95. 0% 62. 90219774 0. 006638903 Upper 95. 0% 69. 41280968 0. 014131912 MS 126. 2866 4. 08151 F 30. 94114904 Significance F 9. 36275E-07 Coefficients Intercept X Variable 1 66. 1575 0. 010385 t Stat 40. 78103 5. 562477 P-value 3. 7402E-41 9. 36275E-07 Lower 95% 62. 90219774 0. 006638903 Upper 95% 69. 41280968 0. 014131912 2 FOREIGN fo rthwith INVESTMENT (FDI) INFLOWS AND STOCKS BY COMPONENTS IN BANGLADESH (In million US$) Inflows Period 996-97 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 1997-98 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 1998-99 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 1999-00 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2000-01 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2001-02 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2002-03 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2003-04 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2004-05 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2005-06 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2006-07 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2007-08 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2008-09 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2009-10 Jul-Dec Jan-Jun 2010-11 JulyDec. Jan-Jun Source Stocks Total 366. 85 157. 63 209. 22 603. 30 366. 07 237. 23 394. 10 339. 23 54. 87 383. 22 254. 25 128. 97 563. 92 449. 67 114. 26 393. 76 240. 21 153. 56 379. 18 174. 75 204. 43 284. 16 145. 82 138. 34 803. 78 322. 06 481. 72 744. 61 363. 54 381. 07 792. 4 411. 41 381. 33 768. 69 285. 03 483. 66 960. 59 602. 65 357. 94 913. 02 342. 22 570. 80 lawfulness Capital 136. 71 40. 79 95. 92 349. 02 236. 14 112. 88 195. 54 167. 63 27. 91 152. 98 109. 56 43. 42 372. 27 306. 76 65. 51 230. 11 168. 27 61. 84 163. 98 71. 97 92. 0 1 111. 23 64. 13 47. 10 361. 14 108. 79 252. 35 447. 22 173. 24 273. 98 464. 50 229. 67 234. 83 545. 69 166. 78 378. 91 535. 42 430. 34 105. 08 515. 14 113. 47 401. 67 Reinvested Earning 151. 27 79. 92 71. 35 181. 31 92. 10 89. 21 120. 71 100. 67 20. 04 80. 71 56. 19 24. 52 81. 00 53. 25 27. 75 84. 66 37. 26 47. 40 164. 97 69. 42 95. 55 161. 38 74. 58 86. 80 297. 1 152. 99 144. 12 198. 64 103. 36 95. 28 281. 00 169. 46 111. 54 197. 71 101. 70 96. 01 336. 61 149. 72 186. 89 331. 10 178. 05 153. 05 Intracompany Loans 78. 87 36. 92 41. 95 72. 97 37. 83 35. 14 77. 85 70. 93 6. 92 149. 53 88. 50 61. 03 110. 66 89. 66 21. 00 79. 00 34. 68 44. 32 50. 23 33. 36 16. 87 11. 55 7. 11 4. 44 145. 53 60. 28 85. 25 98. 75 86. 94 11. 81 47. 24 12. 28 34. 96 25. 29 16. 55 8. 74 88. 56 22. 59 65. 97 66. 78 50. 70 16. 08 Equity Capital 1010. 45 968. 83 1010. 45 1182. 07 1215. 54 1182. 07 1408. 98 1325. 97 1408. 98 1579. 15 1472. 70 1579. 15 1854. 10 1818. 86 1854. 10 2123. 50 1940. 7 2123. 50 2468. 63 2268. 39 2468. 63 2857. 96 2736. 50 2857. 96 3719. 99 3068. 07 3719. 99 3909. 60 3823. 32 3909. 60 5014. 96 4426. 69 5014. 96 Reinvested Earning 505. 89 492. 80 505. 89 470. 44 470. 37 470. 44 505. 13 494. 15 505. 13 637. 75 550. 10 637. 75 708. 43 649. 08 708. 43 880. 01 822. 04 880. 01 974. 18 904. 81 974. 18 1146. 22 1133. 87 1146. 22 873. 76 1109. 59 873. 76 903. 65 742. 04 903. 65 544. 21 474. 06 544. 21 Intracompany Loans 459. 04 428. 96 459. 04 454. 29 475. 85 454. 29 448. 82 382. 08 448. 82 410. 64 427. 89 410. 64 321. 16 408. 03 321. 16 362. 10 328. 7 362. 10 322. 72 363. 95 322. 72 364. 23 316. 86 364. 23 210. 68 221. 12 210. 68 325. 94 250. 66 325. 94 410. 29 378. 17 410. 29 Total 1975. 38 1890. 59 1975. 38 2106. 80 2161. 76 2106. 80 2362. 93 2202. 20 2362. 93 2627. 54 2450. 69 2627. 54 2883. 69 2875. 97 2883. 69 3365. 61 3090. 68 3365. 61 3765. 53 3537. 15 3765. 53 4368. 41 4187. 23 4368. 41 4804. 43 4398. 78 4804. 43 5139. 19 4816. 0 2 5139. 19 5969. 46 5278. 92 5969. 46 118. 31 211. 57 12. 64 131. 64 233. 62 71. 26 Statistics Department, Bangladesh Bank. 342. 52 436. 52 5196. 21 5143. 70 533. 65 612. 69 342. 21 462. 67 6072. 07 6219. 06 3